Scientific Laws and Principles Will changes

Ampere's Law

Moving electric currents produce magnetic fields

Archimedes' Principle

the buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object

Aufbau Principle

An electron occupies the lowest-energy orbital that can receive it

Avogadro's Law

equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules

Beer-Lambert Law

law stating that intensity of color change is directly proportional to the concentration of an analyte in a solution

Bernoulli's Principle

as the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the fluid decreases

Biot-Savart Law

a physical law that describes the magnetic field generated by an electric current in terms of a specific equation

Boltzmann equation

Describes the statistical behavior of a fluid not in thermodynamic equilibrium

Boyle's Law

pressure is inversely proportional to volume at a constant temperature.

p1 x v1 = p2 x v2

Charles' Law

the volume of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to its Kelvin temperature if the pressure is kept constant

v1/T1 = v2/T2

Coulomb's Law

The relationship among electrical force, charges, and distance: The electrical force between two charges varies directly as the product of the charges and inversely as the square of the distance between them.

D'Alembert's Principle

Expresses the relation between the external forces applied to a system of particle and the effective force on each particle of the system

Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures

states that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the pressures of all the gases in the mixture

De Morgan's Law

A set of rules for converting an expression containing NOTs into an expression that does not contain any NOTs.

Doppler effect

A change in sound frequency caused by motion of the sound source, motion of the listener, or both.

Drake Equation

Method to estimate the number (N) of communicating/technological civilizations in our Galaxy

Einstein's Theory of General Relativity

a description of how spacetime changes shape in the presence of matter: the curvature of spacetime creates attraction between all pieces of matter in the universe and this attraction is gravitational force.

Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity

The speed of light in a vacuum is constant in all reference frames
All the laws of physics are upheld and are the same in all inertial reference frames

Faraday's Law

An electric field is induced in any region of space in which a magnetic field is changing with time.

Fermat's last theorem

Created by Pierre de Fermat, a "17th century mischevious genius" who challenged mathematicians of his day to match his solutions to various number theory problems. This is his most famous challenge. Solved by Andrew Wiles, a Princeton mathematician.

First law of thermodynamics

Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. (Law of Conservation of Energy)

Gauss' law for magnetism

No magnetic monopoles exist, and the total flux through a closed surface must be zero.

Gay-Lussac's Law

The pressure of a gas is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature if the volume is constant

P/T = P/T

Graham's Law

The rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass

Heisenberg uncertainty principle

It is impossible to know exactly both the velocity and the position of a particle at the same time.

Henry's Law

The solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas on the surface of the liquid

Hess' Law

If a reaction can take place by more than one route and the initial and final conditions are the same, the total enthalpy change is the same for each route.

Hooke's Law

Extension is directly proportional to force until the spring reaches it's elastic limit

Hubble's Law

States the rate at which the universe is expanding. used to calculate how fast a galaxy is moving away from us.

Hund's Rule

Electrons occupy orbitals of the same energy in a way that makes the number of electrons with the same spin direction as large as possible

Kepler's First Law of Planetary Motion

The orbit of each planet around the Sun is an ellipse with the Sun at one focus.

Kepler's Second Law of Planetary Motion

As a planet moves around its orbit, it sweeps out equal areas in equal times.

Kepler's Third Law of Planetary Motion

The square of the orbital period of any satellite is proportional to the cube of its average distance from its central mass.

Kirchhoff's Laws

[circuits] 1. the sum of current flowing into a junction must equal the sum of the current leaving at any junction, and 2. the sum of voltage sources = the sum of voltage drops around a closed-circuit loop

Le Chatlier's Principle

When a change is imposed, equilibrium shifts to lessen the change.

Maxwell's Equations

A set of four fundamental laws expressed in mathematical form that govern electricity and magnetism and their interrelationship. unifying the physics of electricity and magnetism

Nernst Equation

An equation predicting the voltage needed to counterbalance the diffusion force pushing an ion across a semipermeable membrane from the side with a high concentration to the side with a low concentration

Newton's First Law of Motion

an object in motion will remain in motion unless acted upon by another force (Law of Inertia)

Newton's Second Law of Motion

The acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and the amount of force applied.

F = ma

Newton's Third Law of Motion

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation

The law that says every object in the universe attracts every other object, and that the force is affected by mass and distance: the greater the mass of an object, the greater the attraction; the farther apart the objects, the weaker the attraction.

Occam's Razor

Simpler explanations are more likely to be true than complex ones.

Ohm's Law

The current in a circuit equals the voltage difference divided by the resistance.

V = IR

Pascal's Law

A change in pressure at any point in an enclosed fluid is transmitted equally throughout the fluid.

Pauli Exclusion Principle

States that a maximum of two electrons can occupy a single atomic orbital, but only if the electrons have opposite spins

Raoult's Law

The vapor pressure of a solution is directly proportional to the mole fraction of solvent present

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.

Snell's Law

The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is a constant, for a given frequency.

Third Law of Thermodynamics

No system can reach absolute zero

Torricelli's law

Describes the fluid flow speed through a hole in a container

Tyndall effect

The scattering of a light beam as it passes through a colloid
increased turbidity causes increased scattering

Zeroeth Law of Thermodynamics

If two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then all systems are in thermal equilibrium with each other.

Ideal Gas Law

describes the state of a hypothesized, unrealistic gas that combines the ideas of some fundamental gas laws (boyles, charles, gay-lussac, avogadros) to form a more comprehensive law.

pv=nrt

Van Der Waals Law

a more accurate form of the Ideal Gas Law, that tries to take into account for the attractions between gas molecules.

(P + an2 /V2 )(V-nb) = nRT

Meissner effect

expulsion of a magnetic field from the interior of a material that is in the process of becoming a superconductor

Newton's law of Cooling

the rate at which an object cools is proportional to the difference in temperature between the object and the object's surroundings

Kopp's law

the molecular heat capacity of a solid compound is the sum of the atomic heat capacities of the elements composing it

Fick's Law

the rate of diffusion of a substance across unit area is proportional to the concentration gradient

Carnot's Theorem

No real heat engine can operate at 100% efficiency, or be more efficient than a ______ engine

Lenz's Law

states that the direction of the electric current induced in a conductor by a changing magnetic field is such that the magnetic field created by the induced current opposes changes in the initial magnetic field.

Planck's Law

the radiation from heated bodies is made up of quanta of energy, which is a fundamental physical constant, and not a continuous flow.

Moore's Law

an observation that the number of transistors in a computer chip doubles every two years or so; the speed of computers doubles every two years.

Stefan-Boltzmann Law

describes the intensity of the thermal radiation emitted by matter in terms of that matter's temperature
all objects with temperature radiate energy

Wien's Displacement Law

the black-body radiation curve for different temperatures will peak at different wavelengths that are inversely proportional to the temperature.
explains how the temperature of stars influence the color of the star.

Shrodinger's equations

quantum mechanical wave equation that shows the wave like nature of matter. based on a postulate of Louis de Broglie that all matter has an associated matter wave