Heimler's Review Units 1-5 Vocabulary

Flashcards for Units 1-5 of Heimler's Review focusing on vocabulary terms.

Confucianism

A philosophy emphasizing hierarchical order and meritocracy, revived during the Song Dynasty and used to justify its rule.

Imperial Bureaucracy

An expanded administrative system in Song China used to implement policies across the empire.

Chan Buddhism

A syncretic form of Buddhism that blended with Daoism, showcasing cultural diffusion in Song China.

Champa Rice

A drought-resistant and fast-growing rice variety introduced to China that allowed for multiple harvests per year, boosting the economy.

Abbasid Caliphate

A declining Islamic empire whose decline led to the emergence of new Turkic Islamic states.

Delhi Sultanate

A new Turkic Islamic state that emerged as the Abbasid Caliphate declined.

Mamluk Sultanate

Another new Turkic Islamic state that emerged as the Abbasid Caliphate declined.

Sufi Movement

An adaptable Islamic movement facilitated the spread of Islam, especially through trade.

Vijayanagara Empire

A Hindu empire in South Asia founded by former Delhi Sultan converts who reverted to Hinduism.

Srivijaya

A Hindu kingdom in Southeast Asia influenced by merchant activity and shaping society through religion.

Majapahit

A Buddhist kingdom in Southeast Asia influenced by merchant activity and shaping society through religion.

Aztec Empire (Mashika)

An empire in the Americas that mimicked Maya state-building practices, including a tribute system.

Tenochtitlan

A monumental urban center in the Aztec Empire.

Great Zimbabwe

An African state that prospered due to trade, agriculture, and participation in the Indian Ocean trade.

Swahili

A language that exemplifies cultural blending between Bantu languages and Arabic, spoken in East Africa.

Feudalism

A decentralized political system in Europe where kings granted land to nobles, who then hired knights, and peasants were tied to the land.

Manorial System

The economic system during European feudalism where peasants were tied to the land and worked for nobles.

Three-Field System

An agricultural innovation in Europe that boosted food production and population growth.

Caravanserai

Inns or lodging places for caravans along trade routes, facilitating trade.

Diasporic Communities

Communities formed by merchants along trade routes who share a common origin or culture.

Ming Voyages of Zheng He

Chinese voyages that expanded Chinese influence and tribute relations.

Black Death

A devastating bubonic plague that transferred via trade routes, decimating populations.

Astrolabe

An instrument used to make astronomical measurements, especially of altitude, aiding in further global interconnectedness.

Janissaries

Elite infantry units that formed the Ottoman Sultan's household troops and bodyguards.

Devshirme System

An Ottoman practice of taking boys from conquered Christian territories to be raised as Muslims and serve in the military or bureaucracy.

Religious Tolerance

Acceptance of different religious beliefs, e.g., during Akbar's reign in the Mughal Empire.

Legitimation of Power

The process by which rulers establish their authority through various means, such as divine right, monumental architecture, or art.

Protestant Reformation

A 16th-century religious, political, intellectual and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in the modern era.

Counter-Reformation

The Roman Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation that attempted to reform certain practices but upheld core doctrines.

Syncretic Faiths

Religious beliefs that blend elements of different religions, like Sikhism, which combines Hindu and Islamic beliefs.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Maritime Empires

Empires that were established through sea-based exploration and trade. Often focused on establishing control over key trade routes and resources.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Encomienda System

A Spanish labor system in the Americas that coerced native labor.

Hacienda System

A Spanish labor system in the Americas that coerced native labor.

Mita System

A forced labor system used by the Spanish in the Americas, particularly for mining.

Joint-Stock Companies

Companies like the British and Dutch East India Companies that allowed pooling of investment risk for exploration and colonization.

Triangular Trade

A trade system interconnecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas, involving manufactured goods, slaves, and raw materials.

Caste (Casta) System

A rigid social hierarchy in Spanish colonial society based on race and ancestry.

The Enlightenment

An intellectual movement that emphasized reason, individualism, and natural rights.

Nationalism

The belief that people's greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history

Industrial Revolution

The rapid development of industry that occurred in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

Laissez-faire Economics

An economic system where transactions between private parties are free from government intervention such as regulation, privileges, tariffs, and subsidies.

Labor Unions

Organizations formed by workers to secure better wages, hours, and working conditions.

Socialism and Communism

Political and economic theories advocating for public or collective ownership and control of the means of production and distribution.