cgs2100 exam 3

Know how hard disks store and organize files.

using tracks, sectors, and cylinders

What does the internal hard disk normally store?

programs and data files

Wedge shaped sections on hard disk

sectors

_____________ are a popular solution for individuals and businesses where access speed is not essential, but capacity and durability are crucial.

network drives

Know examples of secondary storage.

solid-state, hard disk, optical disk, cloud

How does an external hard drive connect to a computer?

USB or Thunderbolt port on the system unit

Storage that retains its data after the power is turned off is referred to as ________

non-volatile storage/memory

The process of accessing information from secondary storage devices is referred to as ________

reading

The ________ of a secondary storage device indicates how much data the storage medium can hold

capacity

________ measures the amount of time required by the storage device to retrieve data and programs

access speed

What is file compression and what is it used for? What is file decompression?

A hard disk performance enhancement that increases storage capacity by reducing the amount of space required to store data and programs.
(decompression: Rebuilding a file that has been compressed)

This process improves system performance by acting as a temporary high-speed holding area between a secondary storage device and the CPU.

disk caching

Know the characteristics of RAID storage

Expanding external storage, improving access speed, and providing reliable storage.
- also increases the storage capacity of the system

What are 4 ways to improve the performance of a hard disk?

Disk caching, RAID, and file compression

What are examples of solid state storage?

- Solid-state drives
- Flash memory cards
- USB drives

What type of storage technology does a cell phone use?

flash memory (solid state storage)

Optical disks use ___________ to represent data.

pits and lands

Know about CD-RW, DVD-ROM drives, Ultra HD Blu-ray and Blu-ray. What does the R in DVD-R stand for?

CD-RW: can be erased and rewritten
R in DVD-R: recordable
Blu ray: have a capacity of 50 gigabytes on one side

How are solid state storage devices and hard disks different?

solid state drives have no moving parts

What is it called when servers on the internet supply applications as a service, rather than a product?

Cloud computing

What is cloud storage?

a place to save your files and can be accessed anywhere via the internet

________ speed is the measure of the amount of time required by a storage device to retrieve data and programs.

Access

What is disc caching?

-Provides a temporary high-speed holding area between a secondary storage device and the CPU
-Improves performance by anticipating data needs and reducing time to access data from secondary storage

What are hybrid drives?

Storage drives that contain both solid-state storage and hard disks in an attempt to gain the speed and power benefits of SSDs while still having the low cost and large capacity of hard drives.

USB drives are also known as ______

flash drives

Three common storage options discussed in your text are hard disk, ________, and solid-state storage.

optical disk

Most large organizations store data through a strategy called a(n) ________ to promote efficient and safe use of data across the networks within their organizations.

enterprise storage system

One of the most dramatic changes in connectivity and communications in the past few years has been ________.

Widespread use of mobile devices with wireless internet connectivity

Which devices originate and accept messages in the form of data, information, and/or instructions?

Computer or specialized communication device.

In a communication system, which devices convert messages into packets that can travel across the communication channel?

Connection devices

Know the wireless connections and physical connections.

Wireless connections do not use a solid substance to connect devices (wifi, bluetooth).
Physical connections used a solid medium to connect sending and receiving devices. Connections include twisted-pair cable (Ethernet cables) and fiber-optic cable.

Which of the physical connections is the fastest?

Fiber-optic cable

Which of the wireless connections is considered a line-of-sight medium?

microwave, FM radio

What does WiMax stand for?

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

Microwave communication uses high-frequency ________.

radio waves

________ is a term relating to sending data to a satellite.

uplink

10. The GPS device in an automobile uses which communication channel?

satellite

11. A service that uses existing phone lines to provide high-speed connections is called ________.

hotspot

12. Cellular services use ________ to provide wireless connectivity to the Internet for smartphones.

3G and 4G

13. The capacity of a communication channel is measured in ________.

bandwidth

14. Know the types of bandwidth.

voiceband aka low bandwidth; standard phone line; too slow for many types of transmissions (video)
medium band: special leased lines for high speed minicomputers --> mainframes long distances; not usually individuals
broadband: used for high-capacity transmissions (DSL, cable, satellite connections); high=quality video
baseband = widely used to connect individual computers that are located close to one another

15. Every computer on the Internet has a unique numeric address called a(n) ________.

IP address

16. ________ is the process of breaking down information sent or transmitted across the Internet into small parts.

Packetization

17. What is TCP/IP?

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

18. The ________ is the central node that coordinates the flow of data by sending messages directly between the sender and receiver nodes.

switch

19. In a computer network, this node that requests and uses resources available from other nodes.

client

20. This device enables connectivity between two LANS or a LAN and a larger network.

network gateway

21. A wireless access point that provides Internet access in a public place such as a coffee shop, library, bookstore, or university.

hotspot

22. ______, A network topology in which the central node is connected to two or more subordinate nodes that, in turn, are connected to other subordinate nodes.

tree

23. This type of network strategy uses central servers to coordinate and supply services to other nodes on the network.

client/server

24. Organizations use _________ to allow suppliers and others limited access to their networks.

extranets

25. All communications between a company's internal networks and the outside world pass through this server.

proxy

26. What is a VPN?

Remote users can connect to an organization's network through this type of secure private connection.

27. What is a Mesh network?

type of network topology that does not use a specific physical layout

28. The actual connecting or transmission medium that carries the message in a communication system is called the ________.

communication channel

29. ________ is a high-frequency transmission medium that has a single solid-copper core.

coaxial cables

30. ________ is the name of the process of converting from analog to digital.

digitization or demodulation

31. ________ uses standard telephone lines to provide high-speed connections.

DSL

32. ________ transmits data as pulses of light through tiny tubes of glass.

fiber optic cable

33. What is a local area network?

LAN, small groups of computers linked together over a small geographic area

34. What is a gateway network?

enables connectivity between two LANS or a LAN and a larger network

35. A LAN set up for a household's personal use is called a(n) ________ network.

home

36. ________ are countrywide and worldwide networks.

Wide area network

37. A(n) ________ area network is a type of wireless network that works within your immediate surroundings to connect cell phones to headsets, controllers to game systems, and so on.

personal

38. What is a client/server network?

the internet

39. What is an intranet?

private network within an organization
- works like internet

40. What is an extranet?

Organizations use the following to allow suppliers and others limited access to their networks.

41. What is a server?

coordinates all communication between computers.

42. In a wireless LAN, all communications pass through the network's centrally located wireless access point or ________ station.

base

43. ________ describes how a network is arranged and how resources are coordinated and shared.

network architecture

44. Most firewalls include a special computer called a(n) ________ server to manage communications between the internal networks and the outside world.

gateway

1. People that collect, analyze, and sell personal data are called ________.

information resellers

2. These programs record virtually everything you do on your computer and are used by employers to search employee email and computer files.

Employee monitoring software

3. What are cookies and what are they used for?

Small data files that are deposited on a user's hard disk when they visit a website are called

4. What types of cookies are there and what are they used for?

3rd party cookies: used by advertisers to keep track of your web activity as you move from one site to the next
1st party cookies: generated and then read only by the web site you are currently visiting.

5. Programs used to secretly record an individual's activities on the Internet are called ________.

spyware

6. Which type of program would likely be used by investigators to record a potential suspects' Internet activities?

keystroke logger

7. A "cracker" is what type of computer criminal?

creates and distributes malicious programs

8. Most browsers offer this, which ensures that your browsing activity is not recorded on your hard disk.

privacy mode

9. What is malware and what types of malware are there?

Viruses and other things that can harm computers

10. What type of program replicates itself and clogs computers and networks.

worms

11. Free computer games and free screen saver programs are typical carriers of ________.

trojan horses

12. What is a denial of service attack?

A way to shut down an ISP or website

13. What is an internet scam?

fraudulent or deceptive act designed to trick individuals on the Internet into spending time or money for little or no return

14. What is cyberbullying?

duh

15. The most significant concerns for implementation of computer technology involve ________, security, and ethics.

privacy

16. According to which law is it illegal for an owner of a commercial program to make backup copies for their personal use and resell or give them away?

Digital Millennium Copyright act

17. Corporations often use this to prevent copyright violations.

Digital rights management (drm)

18. This uses software to try thousands of common words sequentially in an attempt to gain unauthorized access to a user's account.

Dictionary attack

19. This type of Wi-Fi hotspot operates close to a legitimate Wi-Fi hotspot and steals information such as usernames and passwords.

rogue

20. The process of coding information to make it unreadable except to those who have a special piece of information known as a key.

encryption

21. A ________ acts as a security buffer between a corporation's private network and all external networks.

firewall

22. What is wireless network encryption and what is the most common type?

WPA2

25. This is a legal concept that gives content creators the right to control use and distribution of their work.

copyright

26. This law gives you the right to look at your personal records held by government agencies.

freedom of information act

27. Computer criminals that create and spread viruses are punished under this law.

Computer fraud and abuse act

28. ________, a privacy issue, relates to the responsibility of controlling who is able to use data.

Access

29. The collection of data can be searched to find all the action of one person creates a(n) ________ that reveals a highly detailed account of your life.

digital footprint

30. ________ is the illegal assumption of someone's identity for the purposes of economic gain.

identity theft

31. ________ store information about the current session, your general preferences, and your activity on the website.

First party cookies