Neuro Anatomy 1

1

Type of neuron with one axon

unipolar

Type of neuron with two branches of axon

Bipolar

Type of neuron where branches axon initially branch from same

Pseudounipolar

Type of neuron where cell body has many dendrites

Multipolar

Psuedounipolar neurons are found in sensory ganglia such as

dorsal root ganglion

Most common type of neuron in the CNS

Multipolar

Where two neurons communicate

synapse

Synapse with axon to dendritic spine

Axospinous

Synapse with axon to cell body

axosomatic

Synapse with axon to dendrite

Axodendritic synapse

Synapse with axon to axon

Axoaxonic synapse

Histological stains reveal destruction of the dorsal root ganglion in the T3-T5 region. What type of neuron is most likely affected?

Pseudounipolar neuron

Primary Brain Vesicles (3)

Prosencephalon

Mesencephalon

Rhombencephalon

Secondary Brain Vesicles (5)

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

Mesencephalon

Metencephalon

Myelencephalon

Secondary brain vesicles that arise from prosencephalon

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

Secondary brain vesicles that arise from rhombencephalon

Metencephalon

Myelencephalon

Adult brain structure that arises from Telencephalon

Cerebrum

Adult brain structure that arises from Diencephalon

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Epithalamus

Adult brain structure that arises from mesencephalon

Midbrain

Adult brain structure that arises from Metencephalon

Pons and cerebellum

Adult brain structure that arises from myelencephalon

Medulla oblongata

Ventricular system in prosencephalon

Lateral ventricles and third ventricle

Ventricular system that arises from mesencephalon

Cerebral aqueduct

Ventricular systems that arise from rhombencephalon

Fourth ventricle a- superior and inferior half

Anencephaly

Failure of rostral neuropore to close - “without brain”

Spina Bifida

Failure of caudal neuropore to close

What vitamin is critically involved in preventing neural tube defects?

Vitamin B12

What makes up the forebrain?

Telencephalon and diencephalon

What makes up the brainstem

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

What are the two anatomical divisions of the CNS?

Brain and spinal cord

What are the divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves

Broadmann areas 1, 2, and 3

primary somatosensory cortex

Broadmann area 4

primary motor cortex

Broadman area 41

primary auditory cortex

Outer gray matter layer

cerebral cortex

Anterior fossa is in what lobe

frontal

Middle fossa is in what lobe

temporal

Posterior fossa is in what lobe

cerebellum + brainstem

Corpus Callosum

White matter commisure that connects cerebral hemispheres

Longitudinal fissure

Divides cerebral hemispheres

Central sulcus

Divides frontal and parietal lobe

Lateral sulcus (Sylvian Fissure)

Divides frontal and parietal lobes from temporal lobe

Central sulcus divides

Precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus

Precentral gyrus function

Primary motor cortex (Area 4)

Postcentral Gyrus function

Primary somatosensory cortex (area 1, 2, and 3)

Sylvian fissure function

superior temporal gyrus: primary auditory cortex (Area 41)

Lissencephalic

without gyri- surface of the brain appears smooth

Broca’s area function and location

Production of speech, frontal lobe

Wernicke’s area function and location

Comprehension of speech, temporal lobe

What is the white matter tract that connects Wernicke’s and Broca’s area?

Arcuate fasiciculus

Broca’s aphasia

meaning of words intact, but the ability to produce language is disrupted- can’t get words out even though they know what to say

Wernicke’s Aphasia

Production of speech is in tact but the comprehension of language is disrupted because sounds are no longer associated with meaning

Homunculus layout

More medial regions of the primary motor and somatosensory cortex involve lower regions of the body, as you move laterally they correspond to the upper parts of the body

Anterior commisure

white matter tract connecting temporal lobes

Parieto-occipital sulcus

Divides parietal and occipital lobes

Caudate, Putamen, and Globus Pallidus are basal ganglion areas of the

Telencephalon

Caudate and Putamen make up the

Striatum

Putamen and Globus Pallidus make up the

Lentiform Nucleus

Subthalamic nucleus

Basal ganglia area of the Diencephalon

Substantia Nigra made up of

Pars reticulata and Pars compacta

Pars compacta produces

dopamine

Substantia nigra is located in the

Mesencephalon

Telencephalon covers

The diencephalon and the midbrain

Cerebellum covers

dorsal aspect of pons

Thalamus

relays sensory and motor information to the cerebrum- lies on either side of the third ventricle

The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland are connected through the

infundibulum

The pituitary gland sits on the

sella turcica

Epithalamus contains

the pineal gland which produced melatonin, involved in sleep and wakefulness

Functions of the cerebellum

Fine tunes, smoothens, and coordinates muscle movement, balance and equilibrium

Brain stem connects

cerebrum to spinal cord and cerebellum

Brainstem consists of

midbrain, pons, and medulla

Vital functions of the brainstem

breathing, conciousness, blood pressure, HR, sleep

Cranial nerves emerge from

brainstem

Superior colliculus

visual information

Inferior colliculus

auditory information

Cranial nerve IV is

only cranial nerve to emerge from dorsal aspect

What structure must be dissected away in order to visualize the dorsal aspect of the pons?

Cerebellum

Anterior circulation supplies

the internal carotid system

Posterior circulation supplies

Vertebrobasilar system

Internal carotid artery enters through the skull through the

carotid canal

Vertebral artery ascends up neck through the __ __and enters the skull via the__ ___

transverse foramen, foramen magnum

4 parts of internal carotid artery

Cervical, Petrous, Cavernous, Cerebral

Cervical part of internal carotid contains

carotid body and sinus

Petrous part of the internal carotid runs through

petrous parts of temporal bone

Cavernous part of internal carotid runs through

cavernous sinus

Cerebral part of internal carotid artery consists of (5)

Ophthalmic artery

Posterior communicating

anterior choroidal

anterior cerebral

middle cerebral

Terminal branches of internal carotid

anterior cerebral, middle cerebral

Carotid body location and function

Location at bifurcation of common carotid

chemoreceptor- detect changes in PO2, CO2, and pH

Carotid sinus location and function

Dilated portion of internal carotid

Baroreceptor: detects changes in BP

Carotid sinus hypersensitivity

Exaggerated response to pressure applied to the carotid sinus

Results in bradycardia and syncope

More common in older individuals

Horners syndrome

Interruption of sympathetic nerve supply to one side of the head resulting in anhidrosis, ptosis, and miosis

Mydriasis

maximally dilated pupils

Miosis

Maximally constricted pupils

Vertebral artery ultimately gives rise to the

posterior cerebral artery

ICA terminates as the

anterior cerebral and middle cerebral arteries

ACA supplies

middle cerebrum

MCA supplies

lateral cerebrum

PCA supploes

posterior cerebrum

Occlusion of the ACA results in

Loss of strength and sensation in the lower regions of the body

Occlusion of the MCA affects

strength and sensation in the upper regions of the body