Studied by 9 peopleSocial group
Two or more individuals sharing common goals and interests
Norms
implicit/explicit rules that we apply to all members of the group
Zimbardo prison study
students assigned prison or guard
guards took their roles too seriously and hurt the prisoners
1/3 of the guards inflicted harsh punishment onto the prisoners
socia loafing
feeling less pressure to put forth effort when engaged in group projects
Deindividuation
we tend to lose some self-awareness, may engage in uncharacteristic behavior
Stanley Milgram
Teacher applied electric shocks when learner does not answer questions correctly
obedience to authority
Soloman Asch
Select the line in a triad that matches the stimulus line
conformity
normative influence
social influence
Leon Festinger
Gave two different groups either $1 or $20 to lie about a boring task to future subjects
cognitive dissonance
Latane & Darley
Emergency situation created to test people’s helping behavior
diffusion of responsibility
bystander intervention
Muzafer Sherif
Boy’s camp study where an emergency required group cooperation
contact theory
superordinate goal
Aronson and Gonzales
Devised a teaching strategy (jigsaw) making Anglo and Latino children interdependent on each other
jigsaw classroom
Rosenthal and Jacobsen
Teachers were told prior to school year to expect certain students to “bloom” academically during the year
self-fulfiling prophecy
Triplett
Looked at the effect of an audience when learned had learned task well or were just beginning to learn it
social facilitation
social impairment
Social impairment
When first learning a new task, performing in front of others leads to the opposite tendency
Group polarization
When we are in a group of like-minded people, our decisions can become very extreme
Groupthink
If some members of the group do not speak out and a bad conclusion is made
Minority influence
One member of the jury held that a man is innocent, and all the other jurors wanted to leave, so they all agreed, as each juror supported conviction, members of the group became even more sure it was right
Diffusion of responsbility
Reduces the sense of personal responsibility that any one person feels to help another in need and increase in proportion to the size of the group present
Altruism
Individuals engage in acts of selfless sacrifice for others
Social cognition
The way people gather, use, interpret information about the social aspects of the world around them
Attribution theory
Why people behave the way they do
dispositional attributions
situational attributions
Self-serving bias
We attribute our achievements and successes to personal stable causes and our failures to situational factors
Fundamental attribution error
Tendency to underestimate the impact of situational factors and overestimate the impact of personal factors when assessing why other people acted the way they did
Actor-observer bias
Tendency to attribute our own behavior to situational causes and behavior of others to personal causes
Just-world phenomenon
believe that people get what they deserve
Self-fullfilling prophecy
Tendency to let our preconceived expectations of others influence how we treat them, and thus bring about the behavior we expected
Implicit bias
Unconscious attribution of particular qualities to members of a particular group
Scapegoat theory
When our self-worth is in jeopardy, we become frustrated and try to find others to blame
hitler and the jews
Ethnocentrism
belief that our culture is superior to others
Out-group homogeneity
Tendency to believe all members of another group are more similar than is true
Contact theory
Equal status contact between antagonistic groups should lower tension and increase harmony
Mere exposure effect
the more we come into contact with something, the more we are to like that thing
Normative social influence
going along with the decision of a group in order to gain social approval
Informational social influence
accepting others opinions about reality, especially under conditions of uncertainty
Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
Tendency to comply with a large request if we have previously complied with a smaller request
Reciprocity
They gift something small, and then ask for a donation, we are obliged to give one
Elaboration likelihood model
central route of persuasion
peripheral route
central route of persuasion
speaker uses facts, figures, other information
Peripheral route
Superficial information to distract the audience, usually in sales
Cognitive dissonance
tension that results from holding conflicting beliefs, attitudes, opinions, or values, or when our actions do not coincide with these cognitions
Instrumental aggression
purpose is that satisfaction of some goal behavior ro benefit
Hostile aggression
A person feels pain, anger, frustration
Note
Flashcard