anatomy and physiology test

anatomy

the study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts as well as their relationship to one another

physiology

the study of how the body and its parts work or function

homeostasis

the tendency of the body to maintain internal stability

negative feedback

primary method by which homeostasis is controlled by the body; an imbalance is corrected by a response that restores balance

stimulus

produces a change to a variable; the factor being regulated

sensor

receptor that detects a change; monitors the environment and responds to change

control center

usually in the brain; determines the appropriate response and course of action

effector

sens the response that balances the original stimulus

positive feedback

when the body initiates a response that increases the imbalance until a specific goal is reached

cells

the basic units of structure and function in living things

tissues

groups of cells that work together to perform a particular function

organs

composed of two or more tissue types and perform a specific function for the body

elements

pure substances that consist of only one type of atom

ionic bonds

involve a transfer of electrons

electrolytes

substances that ionize in solution and are capable of conducting electricity

covalent bonds

involve a sharing of electrons; seen in most organic compounds

hydrogen bonds

weak bonds formed between or within polar molecules

polar molecule

a molecule with an uneven distribution of charges; one end is slightly positive compared to the other end; example is water

heat capacity

amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance one degree celsius

solvent

a substance capable of dissolving other substances

reactant

a substance that undergoes a change during a chemical reaction

pH

a measure of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution; a scale that indicates how acidic or basic a solution is

organic compounds

large, covalently-bonded, carbon-based molecules

carbohydrates

organic compounds composed of C, H, and O; examples include sugars and starches three groups are monosaccharides, disaccharies, and polysaccharides

lipids

organic compounds with a much higher ratio of C and H compares to O, insoluble in water; examples include phospholipids, triglycerides, and steroids

proteins

organic compounds composed of amino acids, have nitrogen in addition to C, H, and O; account for over 50% of organic matter in the body

enzymes

functional proteins that act as biological catalysts to control the rate of chemical reactions in the body

nucleic acids

organic compounds including dna, rna (genetic material), and atp (cellular energy)

intersitital fluid

dilute saltwater solution surrounding cells where materials are exchanged between cells and blood

epithelial tissue

covering, lining, and glandular tissue; covers all free body surfaces and lines body cavities; protects, absorbs, filters, secretes

simple tissue

one layer of cells

statified tissue

two or more layers of cells

squamos

flat epithelial cells

cuboidal

cube-shaped cell

columnar

tall, narrow cell shape

endocrine glands

glands that release their products directly into the bloodstream

exocrine glands

glands that secrete products into ducts

connective tissue

most abundant tissue type; protects, supports, binds together; examples include fat, bone, cartilage, ligaments, and blood

muscle tissue

highly specialized to contract or shorten to produce movement; 3 types are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

nervous tissue

receives and conducts electrochemical impulses

neurons

nerve cells

neuroglia

cells that insulate, supports, and protect delicate neurons

regeneration

replacement of destroyed tissue with the same kind of cells

fibrosis

repair by forming dense connective tissue or scar tissue

granulation tissue

delicate pink tissue that forms after tissue damage; contains capillaries, white blood cells, and connective tissue cells

anatomical position

assumed body position used when referring to body parts and position; standing, face-front, feet parallel, arms at sides with palms facing forward

regional terms

refer to visible landmarks on the anterior and posterior surfaces of the body

directional terms

terms that explain where one body part is in relation to another

body planes

imaginary lines or planes that are used to direct cuts of sections through the body or a body part

sagittal

lengthwise of longitudinal plane through the body

frontal

divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

transverse

horizontal plane or cross section

ventral body cavity

large body cavity that includes the throacic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities

dorsal body cavity

smaller body cavity that includes the cranial and vertebral cavities

carbon

element found in all organic compounds

rna, dna, atp

example of nucleic acid

polysaccharide

type of carbohydrate composed of long chains of sugar molecules

oxygen (chon)

most abundant element in the body

glucose

the simple sugar that is the preferred source of energy of the body

enzymes

proteins that serve as catalysts for chemical reactions in the body

steroids

type of lipid found in cell membranes

cilia

hair-like prohections that propel body fluids

tissues

groups of cells that work together to perform a particular function

integumentary system

the system that usually maintains homeostasis

chromosomes

the genetic material found in cell nuclei

functional

proteins can be structural or …

acids

substances with a pH below 7 are

granulation tissue

the second step in tissue repair is the formation of

epithelial

has an apical surface which may be modified

muscle

may be voluntary or involuntary

connective

composed of cells in a non-living matrix

epithelial

classified based on number of layers and cell shape

nervous

cells are call neurons

connective

examples include bone, fat, and blood

epithelial

avascular

epithelial

cells fit closely together to form sheets

muscle

highly specialized to contract

connective

functions include protecting, supporting, and binding together

nervous

characteristics include irritability and conductivity

epithelial

includes glandular tissue

epithelial

lower surface rests on a basement membrane

thoracic

chest

plantar

bottom of foot

occipital

back of head

brachial

upper arm

buccal

cheek

orbital, occular

around the eye

oral

mouth

axillary

armpit

pelvic

between hips

umbilical

belly button

antecubital

anterior side of elbow

lumbar

lower back

popliteal

back of knee

carpal

wrist

femoral

thigh

deep

further from the surface of the body

distal

further from the trunk

inferior

lower on the body; further from the head

lateral

away from the midline