Two types of learning • Associative learning- a change as a result of experience • Where two or more stimuli are linked Types of associative learn

Learning

Lasting change caused by experience that cannot be directly observed.

Associative Learning

A change in behavior as a result of linking two or more stimuli.

Classical Conditioning

A form of associative learning where two stimuli become linked for learning.

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

A stimulus that creates a response on its own.

Unconditioned Response (UR)

A physical response created by an unconditioned stimulus, not learned.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Initially neutral stimulus that eventually triggers the same response as an unconditioned stimulus.

Conditioned Response (CR)

A physical response created by a conditioned stimulus, acquired through experience.

Acquisition

The initial learning of the stimulus-response relationship.

Extinction

Reduction of a conditioned response after repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus alone.

Spontaneous Recovery

The re-emergence of a conditioned response after extinction.

Stimulus Generalization

When stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus trigger the same conditioned response.

Stimulus Discrimination

Learning to emit a specific behavior in the presence of a conditioned stimulus but not in similar stimuli.

Higher-order Conditioning

A previously conditioned stimulus functioning as if it were an unconditioned stimulus for further conditioning.

Non-associative Learning

Learning that does not involve forming associations between stimuli.

Habituation

Weakening of response to a stimulus after repetition.

Dishabituation

Recovery of attention to a novel stimulus following habituation.

Sensitization

A strong stimulus results in an extreme response to weaker stimuli.

Phobias

A persistent, irrational, or obsessive fear of a specific object or situation.

Systematic Desensitization

A process used to condition the extinction of phobias through gradual exposure.

Conditioned Taste Aversion

A form of classical conditioning where a neutral stimulus creates an aversive reaction after being paired with illness.

Operant Conditioning

A form of associative learning where behavior is modified based on its consequences.

Law of Effect

Behaviors leading to rewards are more likely to occur again.

Reinforcement

An experience that produces an increase in a certain behavior.

Positive Reinforcement

Presentation of a pleasant consequence to increase the probability of a behavior reoccurring.

Negative Reinforcement

Removal of an unpleasant stimulus after a response to increase the probability of a behavior reoccurring.

Punishment

An experience that produces a decrease in behavior.

Positive Punishment

Presentation of an unpleasant consequence to decrease the probability of a behavior reoccurring.

Negative Punishment

Removal of a pleasant stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior reoccurring.

Primary Reinforcer

A stimulus that has survival value and is intrinsically rewarding.

Secondary Reinforcer

A neutral stimulus that becomes rewarding when associated with a primary reinforcer.

Continuous Reinforcement

Behavior is reinforced every time it occurs, leading to quicker learning.

Intermittent Reinforcement

Behavior is reinforced only some of the time, acquired more slowly.

Fixed Ratio Schedule

Reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of responses.

Variable Ratio Schedule

Reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable number of responses.

Fixed Interval Schedule

Reinforcement occurs after a fixed amount of time has elapsed.

Variable Interval Schedule

Reinforcement occurs after variable amounts of time have elapsed.

Shaping

Introducing a new behavior by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior.

Behavior Modification

A systemic approach to changing behavior using principles of operant conditioning.

Observational Learning

Learning that occurs by watching others.

Modeling

A behavior is demonstrated and then learned by observation.

Vicarious Learning

Learning that occurs by observing the consequences of another's actions.

Learned Helplessness

A situation where repeated exposure to inescapable punishment leads to failure in making escape attempts.

Implicit Learning

Acquisition of information without awareness.

Latent Learning

Learning that is not expressed until there is a reward or incentive.

Insight Learning

A sudden realization of a solution to a problem.

Prenatal Learning

Non-associative learning that occurs during the prenatal stage.

Postnatal Learning

Learning that occurs after birth, including the ability to imitate facial expressions.

Dyslexia

A learning disorder affecting reading.

Dyscalculia

A learning disorder affecting math.

Dysgraphia

A learning disorder affecting writing.