HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES

Immunohematology

refers to the serologic, genetic, biochemical, and molecular study of antigens associated with membrane structures on the cellular constituents of blood, as well as the immunologic properties and reactions of blood components and constituents

transfusion medicine

a multidisciplinary specialty encompassing all aspects of blood donation, blood component preparation, blood cell serology, and blood transfusion therapy

transfusion medicine

The term blood banking has largely been superseded by ___________ to emphasize the importance of patient care and clinical outcomes.

Chinese philosophy & Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)

In ___________ and __________________, blood (血, xuè) is considered closely intertwined with the soul and spirit, particularly regarding the concept that blood anchors the spirit (神, shén)

soul & spirit

In Chinese philosophy and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), blood (血, xuè) is considered closely intertwined with the _____ and ____, particularly regarding the concept that blood anchors the spirit (神, shén)

xuè

blood in chinese

shén

blood anchors the spirit

Egypt

The ancient kings of ______ apparently bathed in blood, with the belief such baths can resuscitate the sick and rejuvenate the old

gladiator’s

Between the first and the sixth century a single theological and several medical authors reported on the consumption of _______ blood or liver to cure epileptics

liver

Between the first and the sixth century a single theological and several medical authors reported on the consumption of gladiator’s blood or _____ to cure epileptics

epileptics

Between the first and the sixth century a single theological and several medical authors reported on the consumption of gladiator’s blood or liver to cure ______

Taurobolium

bull sacrifice practiced from about AD 160 in the Mediterranean cult of the Great Mother of the Gods.

Romans

Taurobolium is celebrated primarily among the ______, the ceremony enjoyed much popularity and may have been introduced by the Roman emperor.

Christianity

The person dedicating the sacrifice lay in a pit with a perforated board placed over the pit’s opening. A bull was slaughtered above him, and the person in the pit bathed in the blood streaming down. Thus the ceremony, perhaps influenced by ________, gradually took on the elements of moral purification.

moral purification

The person dedicating the sacrifice lay in a pit with a perforated board placed over the pit’s opening. A bull was slaughtered above him, and the person in the pit bathed in the blood streaming down. Thus the ceremony, perhaps influenced by Christianity, gradually took on the elements of ___________

1492
Pope Innocent VII

In _____ (year), blood was taken from three young men and given to the stricken ____________ in the hope of curing him; unfortunately, all four died

Andreas Libavius

was a German physician and chemist who became the first person to explicitly document and advocate for blood transfusion in 1615

Andreas Libavius

He described a method using silver tubes to connect an artery of a young, healthy person to an elderly, weak person to rejuvenate them

Ancient Greeks

believed that blood was formed in the heart, then consumed as it flowed out to the body in veins, while air was passed from the lungs to the body in arteries.

Erasistratos

envisioned the heart as a pump.

Galen

proved that arteries contain blood, but thought that blood was formed in the liver, not suspecting that arteries and veins are attached.

Andrea Cesalpino

used the term ‘circulation’ and believed that the veins and arteries were connected by a fine vascular network.

William Harvey

generally credited with the discovery in 1616 (published in 1628) of the circulation of blood as we know it today.

Christopher Wren
William Boyle

In 1658, __________ and __________ performed a series of experiments injecting various medicaments into the veins of dogs utilizing a bladder with an attached quill and then observing the effects.

Willis

dyes

_____ injected ____ into the blood vessels supplying the brain to trace its vasculature (thus the Circle of Willis)

Richard Lower

credited with performing, in 1665, the first authentic blood transfusion (animal to animal). He kept exsanguinated dogs alive by connecting the carotid artery of the donor dog to the jugular vein of the recipient dog with a quill.

Jean-Baptiste Denys

court physician to King Louis XIV, had also been transfusing lambs’ blood into human subjects and described what is probably the first recorded account of the signs and symptoms of a hemolytic transfusion reaction

Jean-Baptiste Denys

was arrested after a fatality, and the procedure of transfusing the blood of other animals into humans was prohibited, by an act of the Chamber of Deputies in 1668, unless sanctioned by the Faculty of Medicine of Paris

18TH CENTURY

Transfusions were done only sporadically and were generally animal to human.

Transfusion was generally thought of as a cure for mental aberration or as a youth potion for the aged, rather than as a treatment for blood loss.

18TH CENTURY18TH CENTURY

Reciprocal transfusions were suggested as a cure for marital discord.

18TH CENTURY

Blood was thought to carry the characteristics of the donor to the recipient: sheep blood would make a dog grow wool, hooves, and horns; cat blood would make a girl feline, etc.

James Blundell

In England in the 19th century, interest was reawakened by the activities of obstetrician

James Blundell

His humanitarian instincts had been aroused by the frequently fatal outcome of hemorrhage occurring after childbirth.

James Blundell

He insisted that it was better to use human blood for transfusion in such cases.

Panum and Leonard Landois

showed those same species transfusions were more efficacious than interspecies transfusions.

Leonard Landois

noted that in interspecies transfusion red blood cells were hemolyzed and white blood cells would cease their amoeboid motion and die.

1890

animal-to-human transfusions were performed as late as

Saline infusion

was observed to be safer than, and frequently as effective as, blood transfusion.

Milk

• advocated as a potentially effective infusion

leg amputation

Two instances of successful transfusion both administered during _______, are documented from the Civil War.

Civil War

• Two instances of successful transfusion both administered during leg amputation, are documented from the ______.

Karl Landsteiner

showed that serum from some individuals could agglutinate or hemolyze the red blood cells of certain, but not all, other individuals.

Karl Landsteiner

He named three different types of blood—- A, B, and C

Sturli and Von DeCastello

described the fourth blood group, AB, in 1902.

Levine and Stetson

in 1939, describe a severe reaction in a Type O woman given a transfusion of her husband’s Type O blood following a stillbirth. Her serum agglutinated 80% of Type O blood

Landsteiner and Wiener

in 1940, describe Rh typing. This leads to dramatic decrease in the incidence of hemolytic disease of the newborn. (HDFN)

Ottenberg and Schultz

the first to apply information in an actual transfusion.

Hektoen

In 1911, _____ suggested that blood groups be made the basis for selection of donors for blood transfusion.

WWI

This experience led to the universal adoption of blood typing to select blood donors.

Coombs

described antiglobulin testing in 1945.

July 1947

issue of the Journal of Clinical Investigation, which devoted nearly a dozen papers to the topic of blood preservation.

1965

CPD with adenine

1980’s

CPD-A1

Braxton Hicks

recommended sodium phosphate

Hustin

reported the use of sodium citrate

Lewisohn

determined the minimum amount of citrate to be used

Rous and Turner

used glucose in the form of citrate-dextrose for blood preservation

Loutit and Mollison of England

introduced the formula for the preservative acid- citrate-dextrose (ACD)

Journal of Clinical Investigation

devoted nearly a dozen papers to the topic of blood preservation.

Gibson

introduced an improved preservative solution called citrate-phosphate- dextrose (CPD)

citrate-phosphate- dextrose (CPD)

an improved preservative solution which was less acidic and eventually replaced ACD as the standard preservative used for blood storage.

Edward E. Lindemann

was the first to carry out vein-to-vein transfusion of blood by using multiple syringes and a special cannula.This process is time consuming and requires many skilled assistants

syringe-valve apparatus

Unassisted transfusion became practical when Unger designed the _______________

Leningrad Russia Hospital

1932

The first facility functioning as a blood bank was established in ____________(place) in _____(year).

Bernard Fantus

at Chicago’s Cook County Hospital, he established the first blood bank in the United States in 1937.

February 1941
Dr. Charles Drew

In _________(when?), _________________ (who?) was appointed director of the first American Red Cross blood bank at Presbyterian Hospital. The pilot program Dr. Drew established became the model for the national volunteer blood donor program of the American Red Cross.

reusable glass bottles

Blood was collected into _________ in the first half of the twentieth century. Whole blood was transfused

Pyrogenic

______ reactions from contamination due to incomplete cleaning were frequent.

Air embolism

was a common complication due to the vacuum systems used on glass bottles.

1949

Year where trials of plastic bags were conducted by the American Red Cross

Walter and Murphy

introduced the usage of plastic blood bags (1950)

20th Century Key innovations

• Compatibility testing
• Anticoagulant solutions
• Preservative solutions

• Refrigeration
• Blood Banks
• Venous access
• Plastic blood bags
• Component administration • Infectious disease testing
• High-risk donor screening

July 17, 1948

Elpidio Quirino

Philippine National Red Cross launched NATIONAL BLOOD PROGRAM on ________ (date) with President __________ as the First Donor

BLOOD GALLONERS CLUB

• Founded on July 1957 by 16 blood donors

•must have donated at least 9 consecutive times to qualify for membership

Fr. John Bush

First president of BLOOD GALLONERS CLUB

July 17
Carlos P. Garcia

BLOOD DONOR’S DAY is celebrated on _______ through a presidential proclamation by Pres. ______________

July 11-17
868
Ferdinand Marcos

BLOOD DONORS WEEK

• Celebrated on _________ through a Presidential Proclamation No. ____ by Pres. _______________ on June 18, 1971

July
1021
Fidel V. Ramos

BLOOD DONORS MONTH

• Celebrated every ____ through Presidential Proclamation No. ____ issued by Pres. _____________ on June 9, 1997

National Blood Services Program

• Embodied by Dept. Circular No. 99 s. 1987
• Promulgated under AO No. 118-A s. 1992

August 1994
July 1997

NATIONAL BLOOD CONGRESS

• first held in __________

• Second Dugong Pinoy Congress held on _________

RA 1517

June 1956

• The Blood Banking Law of 1956

• Approved June 16, 1956

• Superseded by RA 7719

• Amended by DOH AO No. 08 series of 2008

– Rules and Regulations Governing the Regulation of Blood Service Facilities (BSF)

AO 156 s. 1971
September 23, 1971

Rules and Regulations Governing the Operation of Blood Banks

AO 57 s. 1989

January 3, 1989

Revised Rules and Regulations on the Operation of Blood Banks

Bureau Order No. 5 s. 1990

January 15, 1990

Technical Standards Governing the Operation of Blood Banks

AO 08 s. 2008

May 02, 2008

Rules and Regulations Governing the Operation of Blood Service Facilities

• National Blood Services Act

• May 1994

• November 25, 2005

• also known as RA 7719 enacted to law on ________

• filed in 1989 through Sen. Rene Saguisag

• promotes voluntary blood donation and mandates a National Voluntary Blood Services Program

• phased-out commercial blood banks

• fully implemented last _____________ thru an en banc SC resolution

RA 10072

April 20, 2010

• Philippine Red Cross Act of 2009

• Approved ____________

•An act recognizing the Philippine National Red Cross as an independent, autonomous, nongovernmental organization auxiliary to the authorities of the Republic of the Philippines in the humanitarian field, to be known as the Philippine Red Cross