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Hindsight Bias
Believing an outcome was predictable after it has occurred.
Critical Thinking
Evaluating information and arguments logically and systematically.
Theory
A broad explanation based on evidence.
Hypothesis
A specific, testable prediction.
Operational Definition
A clear, measurable definition of a variable.
Replication
Repeating a study to confirm results.
Case Study
An in-depth examination of a single individual or group.
Naturalistic Observation
Observing behavior in its natural setting without interference.
Survey
A method to collect data from a large group through questions.
Sampling Bias
When some members of a population are less likely to be included in the sample.
Population
The entire group of interest in a study.
Random Sample
A sample where every member of the population has an equal chance of selection.
Correlation
A measure of how two variables are related.
Correlation Coefficient
A number from -1 to +1 indicating the strength and direction of a correlation.
Scatterplot
A graph showing the relationship between two variables using dots.
Illusory Correlation
Seeing a relationship between two variables when none exists.
Experiment
A study where variables are manipulated to observe effects.
Experimental Group
The group that receives the treatment in an experiment.
Control Group
The group that does not receive the treatment, used for comparison.
Random Assignment
Assigning participants to groups by chance to ensure equality.
Double-Blind Procedure
Both participants and researchers are unaware of group assignments.
Placebo
A non-active substance used to control for the effects of expectations.
Independent Variable
The variable that is manipulated in an experiment.
Confounding Variable
An extraneous variable that could affect the outcome.
Dependent Variable
The variable that is measured in an experiment.
Validity
How accurately a study measures what it intends to.
Descriptive Statistics
Methods to summarize and describe data.
Mode
The most frequent value in a data set.
Mean
The average of a data set.
Median
The middle value in a data set.
Skewed Distribution
A data set that is not symmetrically distributed.
Range
The difference between the highest and lowest values.
Standard Deviation
A measure of data spread around the mean.
Normal Curve
A bell-shaped curve showing a normal distribution.
Inferential Statistics
Techniques for making generalizations from sample data.
Statistical Significance
Whether an observed effect is likely due to chance.
Culture
Shared values and practices of a group.
Informed Consent
Informing participants about a study before they agree to take part.
Debriefing
Explaining the true nature of the study to participants after it is completed.
Note 
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