AP Human Geography, Unit 7: Industrial and Economic Development Patterns and Processes (W/O IMAGES)

Industrialization

The process in which an agrarian society transitions to one focused heavily on mechanization, factory production, and specialized labor.

Primary Sector

The economic sector emphasizing extraction where raw materials are obtained from nature and prior to processing.

Secondary Sector

The economic sector emphasizing the transformation of raw materials into value-added final products.

Tertiary Sector

The economic sector emphasizing intangible services rather than the creation of tangible goods.

Quaternary Sector

The economic sector emphasizing intellectual specialization, an advanced stage of society indicating finance corporations, research & innovation, analyzation, and education.

Quinary Sector

The economic sector emphasizing the highest level of decision making of intellect and leadership, e.g. the "gold collar" professions in society.

Break-of-Bulk Point

A strategic location where goods are transferred from one mode of transportation to another to reduce large costs.

Least-Cost Theory

A theory stated by economist Alfred Weber believing that industries in the secondary sector locate to minimize costs and maximize profits based on transportation costs, labor costs, and agglomeration.

Market

A geographic area accommodating Walter Christaller's central place theory where businesses attract consumers for a variety of intangible and tangible services and products based on threshold and range.

Core

The developed, industrialized states emphasizing the tertiary, quaternary, and quinary sectors that dominate global trade and exploit periphery states.

Periphery

The developing, non-industrialized states emphasizing the primary sector that are economically disadvantaged and exploited, relying on core states.

Semi-Periphery

The developing, intermediate industrialized states emphasizing the secondary sector that exploit periphery states while simultaneously get exploited by core states.

Gross Domestic Product

The sum of the monetary value of all the final goods and services produced within a state's borders in a specific time period, typically annually.

Gross National Product

The sum of the monetary value of all the final goods and services produced by all citizens of a state regardless of location in a specific time period, typically annually.

Gross National Income

The sum of the total income of all the final goods and services produced by all citizens of a state regardless of location in a specific time period, typically annually.

Gender Inequality Index

A U.N. developed metric that measures the gender disparities of a state based on reproductive health, empowerment, and the labor market.

Human Development Index

A U.N. developed metric that measures a state's level of development based on health, education, and standard of living.

Microloan

A small loan that is lent to beginning entrepreneurs or struggling citizens, primarily women, in developing states to improve standards of living.

Just-in-Time Delivery

A risky, inventory management strategy where parts or goods arrive barely before they are needed in production to minimize storage cost and waste.

Ecotourism

A form of sustainable, responsible travel to natural areas that is eco-friendly and educational.

U.N. Sustainable Development Goals

A universal set of 17 interconnected global targets established by the U.N. in 2015 to achieve peace and prosperity.

Agglomeration

The spatial clustering of people, businesses, or industries in an area to share costs, infrastructure, and skilled labor.

Multiplier Effect

The phenomenon in which an initial investment on spending by an entity creates an economic chain reaction with increased productivity.

Fordism

A system developed by Henry Ford in the 20th century emphasizing an economy centered around mass production and consumption around standardized manufactured goods.

Post-Fordism

A system proposed following the 1970s that dominated the economy by emphasizing flexible production methods, multiple tasks, custom goods, and global supply chains.

Special Economic Zone

A geographic area in a state where economic regulations differ from the rest of the state to attract foreign investment and boost economic productivity.

Export Processing Zone

A geographic area within a state's borders where economic regulations differ from the rest of the state to attract foreign investment for the production of manufactured goods and services.

Manufacturing Zone

A geographic area concentrated with factories, facilities, infrastructure, and warehouses clustered together to effectively produce goods.

Outsourcing

The process in which a business entrusts its production and services to a third party supplier to reduce labor costs and increase efficiency.

Tariff

A government imposed tax that aims to increase the price of imported goods and services, avoid foreign competition, and raise revenue.

Free Trade

An economic policy that allows goods and services to move intentionally across borders without government interference.

Commodity Dependence

The status in which a state's economy relies on commodities for over 60% of its total export revenue.

Dependency Theory

A theoretical framework arguing that developing states are dependent on the exploitative developed states, hindering their own ability to truly develop.

Wallerstein's World System Theory

A theoretical framework developed by Immanuel Wallerstein in 1970 explaining that the global economy is divided hierarchically into three tiers: core, semi-periphery, and periphery.

Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth

A linear, five stage theoretical framework developed by Walt Whitman Rostow in 1960 suggesting that states develop economically by transition from subsistence agriculture to high mass consumption.