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Presentational speaking

More inclusive, less formal, interactive, and reaches a smaller audience.

Good presentational speaking

Goal-directed, audience-centered, and ethically constructed.

Misrepresentation

Core plagiarism; claiming someone else's work as your own.

Cut-and-paste plagiarism

Piecing together information from multiple sources or excerpts.

Incremental plagiarism

Failing to credit paraphrased material.

Self-plagiarism

Reusing one's own previously published work without acknowledgment.

Communication apprehension

The inability to make a speech due to psychological factors.

Demographic audience analysis

Analysis based on age, sex/gender, location, group affiliation.

Psychological audience analysis

Analysis based on audience attitudes, motivations and learning styles.

Cognitive restructuring

Recognizing and modifying one's irrational thoughts.

Inoculation

Technique to make an audience immune to attempts to change their attitudes.

Qualities of a good topic

Interesting, significant, fresh, timely, audience-appropriate, easy to research.

Specific purpose statement

Written as a full infinitive phrase expressing one distinct idea.

Qualities of a good introduction

Captures attention, uses quotes, states interesting facts, uses technology.

Qualities of a good conclusion

Restates thesis, ends with a clincher, refers back to introduction.

Primacy effect

Audience remembers what they hear first.

Recency effect

Audience remembers what they hear last.

Evidence for organizing presentations

Ensures organization and balance, identifies evidence.

Supporting materials

Include statistics, examples, and testimony for arguments.

Types of examples

Brief, extended, hypothetical.

Ethos

Credibility and trustworthiness of the speaker.

Logos

Logical reasoning used in arguments.

Pathos

Emotional appeal in persuasive communication.

Monroe’s motivated sequence

Organizing presentation to encourage immediate action.

Active agreement

Audience agrees and commits to the message.

Passive agreement

Audience agrees, but does not act upon it.

Distributed audience

An audience watching presentations remotely via technology.

Assertion evidence model

Images should be explanatory rather than decorative.

Eye contact

Looking into the audience's eyes to enhance engagement.

Q&A session

An interactive part of a presentation where the audience asks questions.