inoculation - technique used to make people immune to attempts to change their attitude by first exposing them to small arguments against their position

increased involvement

… hostile audience attitudes

… neutral audience attitudes

Environmental AA

Physical setting

occasion

time of day

order of speakers

length of presentation

technology

Audience adaptation before the presentation

direct methods of AA - surveys, interviews/focus groups or questionnaires to

gather info about your audience from your audience using open ended or closed

ended questions

focus groups - interviewing 3 to 12 people as a group

indirect methods of AA - gathering info about your audience from

anyone/anywhere except your audience

... Audience adaptation during presentation

Chapter 3 Topic and Purpose

Objectives:

Qualities of a good topic

interesting

significant

fresh

timely

audience appropriate

easy to research

Resources for topic ideas

personal experience or interests

current events

internet searches

web blogs

social media

Narrowing the topic

general purpose → specific purpose → thesis statement

ex: to persuade → to persuade my audience to… → my specific audience

should do this because of this (and this and this)

ex2: to inform → to inform my audience of… → a fact/statement to be

drawn from/elaborated

(see page 85)

Qualities of a good specific purpose

written as a full infinitive phrase

expressed as a declarative statement

limited to one distinct idea

clear and precise

Qualities of a good thesis statement

expressed as a full declarative sentence

is limited to one idea

fits the speech purpose

constructed with clear and concise language and structure

Chapter 4 INTRODUCTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS

Objectives:

Qualities of a good introduction

captures the audience’s attention with a story/narrative

uses quotations/paraphrases

states interesting facts or statistics

uses technology(audio/visual aids)

Qualities of a good story/narative

employs recall

gains attention

well structured

narrative transport - the step by step flow of the story

well delivered

Attention getters outside the classroom

compliment audience

refer to recent events

solicit participation

AVOID jokes and hypothetical situations

Considerations in choosing an attention-gaining device

building identification

the tone

time restrictions

strengths as a speaker

the audience (AA)

your topic

Establish credibility

Relate material to the audience

Announce the topic and preview the main points

Qualities of a good conclusion

restates the thesis and main points

ends with clincher or memorable thought

refer back to attention-getter

quotation

call to action

Common conclusion pitfalls

ending abruptly

drawing it out

introducing new argument or points

leaving conclusion implicit/not plainly expressed

Define:

preview statement

relevance statement

primacy effect - audience remember what they hear first

recency effect - audience also remember what they hear last

Chapter 5 ORGANIZING THE PRESENTATION

Objectives:

Qualities of good main points

2 < number of main points < 4

employs patterns of organization

spatial pattern - when you want to discuss relationship between material

geographically or directionally (specific locations in the US, parts of a

skeleton, etc)

chronological pattern

problem-solution pattern

causal pattern (cause & effect)

topical pattern - topic divides into subsets of the topic. topic is often broad

or is very easy to draw front

balanced

use parallel wording

(ex: quickly and quickly, NOT quickly and quiet)

transitions

directional transitions - (ex: now that we understand… lets discuss …) signposts - transition words marking exact point in speech, like First,

second, thirdly, lastly

internal previews - (within body of presentation or even a main point) only

necessary if material is lengthy or contain many/complicated subpoints)

internal summaries - like previews, but come after; reminding the

audience

... Supporting Evidence

Define:

chunking - discussing info in chunks, allowing audience to remember more (sub-sub-points w/ sub-points → subpoints w/ main points → main points w/ body)

Chapter 6 SUPPORTING EVIDENCE AND RESEARCH

Objectives:

Types of Supporting Materials

Statistics

make sure stats are representative

understand what they mean

explain the statistics

localize statistics - relate material to audience members and their

geographic live directly

limit your use of statistics

round off statistics

identify the source

Examples

Brief

extended example - more specific instances related to a broad even

(mentioning the effects on 1 family instead of families in general)

hypothetical example - (it’s 3 am, you’re jacking off, then suddenly!!!...

yadayada)

Testimony

Experts

peers

prestige testimony - quote/paraphrase from a celebrity or famous

individual

Quote or paraphrase accurately

From unbiased sources

Cite credentials of testimonial source

Use a variety of types, sources that are complementary to each other

Sources of supporting material

libraries

interviews

websites

blogs

social media

news releases

books

reference works

magazine and newspapers

government documents

academic journals

Considerations of sources

authority

accuracy

objectivity

relevancy

variety

level of info

Know how to properly cite your evidence during presentation

Chapter 7 OUTLINING THE PRESENTATION

Objectives:

Importance

ensures organization and balance

identifies evidence

quantifies components of presentation

allows for flexibility and instructional feedback

Preparation outline formatting

full sentences

appropriate symbolization

effective subordination

coordinated points

specific purpose and thesis statements

transitions

reference page (bibliography)

Qualities of a good speaking outline

brief

follows preparation structure

include supporting materials

legible

delivery cues (walking around and shit)

note cards prepared

Define:

APA style - common format of bibliographies (American Psychological Association)

rule of 2+ - must have at least two subsubs within each sub and 2 subs within each main and must have multiple main points

subordination - “dot dash” but with letters and numbers

Chapter 8 INFORMATIVE AND SPECIAL OCCASION SPEAKING

Objectives:

... Informative speaking

Informative presentations

news presentations - provide useful/interesting info on a topic the audience may

already know

relevance

surprise value

factuality

comprehensiveness

instructional presentations

desire state(you want this)

prerequisite state(but first you need this)

interim state(do this)

unwanted state(and avoid doing this)

explanatory presentations

... the simple explanation

obstacles

difficulty understanding

the use of a concept or term

complex structures of processes

hard-to-believe phenomena

transformative explanation(4 elements)

state the widely accepted theory

the lay theory

acknowledge strength of the lay theory

explain weaknesses to create dissatisfaction with lay theory

explain the new scientific theory or position and why it works

elucidating explanation - makes something quite clear

quasi-scientific explanation - explains complex structures or processes by

helping the audience

attune to important features of the message

organize the information so that audiences see relationships in the material (organizing analogies, visual aids, repetition and transitions properly)

special occasion speaking

speech of introduction

speech of acceptance

speech of recognition

speech of welcome

Chapter 9 THE PERSUASIVE PROCESS

Objectives:

... Differences between informative and persuasive presentations

Persuasive speaking

asks the audience to choose between two or more alternative

demands more thorough AA

makes more demands of an audience

Targets of persuasion

beliefs

attitudes

behaviors

Goals of persuasion

creating

reinforcing

changing

(of targets)

Elaboration likelihood model (ELM) - 2 routes to persuade depending on audience

motivation and ability to process info

central route - critical thinking

peripheral route - quick evaluation. audience rely on simple cues/decision rules

decision rules - mental shortcuts. rely on credibility, likeability, number of

arguments, length of arguments, and group psychology

Social Judgement Theory - people evaluate messages based on the latitude(location) of their current attitudes on the spectrum of analysis

latitudes of acceptance

latitudes of rejection

latitudes of neutrality

Organizing your persuasive speech

depends on what the presentation concerns

questions of fact

question of value

question of policy

problem-cause-solution & problem-solution

Define:

active agreement

passive agreement

ego-involvement - involvement of audience’s self-esteem in task or approaching a belief

Monroe’s motivated sequence - gives way of organizing whole presentation, not just main points. primarily used when a speaker wants to move an audience to immediate action

refutative pattern - deflating opposition while bolstering your own arguments

Chapter 10 STRATEGIES FOR PERSUASIVE PRESENTATIONS

Objectives:

Ethos

trustworthiness - assessing a speaker’s honesty, open-mindedness, sense of

justice, fairness, and unselfishness

initial credibility

derived credibility - credibility gained during presentation

terminal credibility - credibility at end of presentation

Logos

reasoning

deductive reasoning (proofs)

syllogism - 3 step deductive argument

major premise - widely accepted statement

minor premise - observation of a case

conclusion

inductive reasoning

analogical reasoning (comparison)

causal reasoning

fallacies

Argument Ad Hominem - personal attacks

Bandwagon - “everybody’s doing it!”

Slippery Slope - chain of events are destined

post hoc, ergo propter hoc - “after this, therefore resulting from it;”

indicates that a causal relationship has erroneously been assumed from a merely sequential one.

False Dilemma - also false dichotomy; gives 2 choices when many are

present

Straw Person - inserts a distorted/weaker version of someone else’s view

Red Herring - diversion / irrelevance

hasty generalization - drawing conclusion when sample size is too small

invalid analogy

Pathos

elicits emotion

language

supporting evidence

fear appeals

guilt appeals

delivery

visual aids

Chapter 11 DELIVERING THE PRESENTATION

Objectives:

a good delivery is conversational, natural, varied, and it enhances the message

methods of delivery

impromptu

manuscripts

memorized

extemporaneous delivery - speech delivered from outline

vocal delivery

(paralanguage) - vocal features that accompany speech and contribute to

communication but are not generally considered to be part of the language

system

vocal variety

volume

rate

pitch

pauses

vocal nonfluencies

enunciation(clearly & precisely)

pronunciation(standards of the language)

vocal fillers / vocal nonfluencies - “uh” & “um”

physical delivery

gestures

adaptors - twisting your hair, tapping your pen, scratching, tugging

on your ear, pushing your glasses up your nose, holding yourself,

swinging your legs, etc

emblems - gestures that = language (thumbs up = “OK”)

illustrators - hand and arm motions that enhance the message

movement

eye contact

facial expression

appearance

employ a translator

simultaneous translation - audience where’s headphones

delayed translation - translator follows and asks for clarification

Chapter 12 PRESENTATION AIDS

Objectives:

Presentation aids increase clarity and retention, presentational effectiveness, and speaker effectiveness

charts (numbers and/or text)

maps

diagrams

photographs

audio/video

multimedia presentations

slides are not designed to tell the entire story

watch for too much text, phrase your headlines, and rely on bulleted lists (not sentences)

keep slides simple

use slides only when needed

avoid special effects

avoid standing in the shadows

employ effective design principles when constructing video aids

tips

avoid using chalkboard

PRACTICE!

have a backup plan

stay focused on audience, not aids

avoid passing out/distributing aids

display aids only when explaining them

Define:

Assertion evidence model - images should be explanatory, not just decorative. showing an image with a sentence headline and maybe some additional text is BEST

Chapter 13 PRESENTING AS A GROUP

Objectives:

Preparation

choose a leader or point person

establish the goal

research

assign tasks

stay on task

develop the presentation template

design presentation format

intro

speaker transitions