5.6 to 5.12 APES

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

A way to control pests using multiple methods like natural predators, traps, crop rotation, and fewer pesticides.

Pesticide Treadmill

When farmers use more and stronger pesticides because pests keep getting resistant to them.

Bioaccumulation

When pesticides or toxins build up in an animal’s body over time.

Biomagnification

When toxins increase as they move up the food chain (small fish → bigger fish → humans).

Organic Pesticides

Natural pesticides made from plants like tobacco or chrysanthemums.

Inorganic Pesticides

Man-made pesticides that contain toxic metals and stay in the environment for a long time.

Organophosphates

A type of pesticide that is very toxic but breaks down quickly in the environment.

Crop Rotation

Farmers change what crops they grow each season to confuse pests and keep the soil healthy.

Natural Predators

Using good bugs like ladybugs to eat the bad bugs that harm crops.

Pheromones

Special scents or chemicals that mess with pests' ability to find food or mates.

CAFO (Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation)

A large factory farm where animals are kept in crowded spaces and fed quickly for meat production.

Methane (CH₄)

A gas from cow poop that traps heat in the air and contributes to climate change.

Manure Runoff

When animal waste from farms washes into rivers and lakes, polluting water.

Antibiotic Resistance

When bacteria become stronger and harder to kill because of too much antibiotic use in farm animals.

Plant-Based Proteins

Foods like beans, tofu, and lentils that replace meat and have a smaller environmental impact.

Grazing

Letting animals roam and eat grass naturally instead of feeding them processed food.

Polyculture Farming

Raising multiple animals or crops together to mimic nature and keep farms healthier.

Overfishing

Catching too many fish too fast, making it hard for fish populations to recover.

Bycatch

When fishing nets accidentally catch unwanted animals like dolphins, turtles, or sharks.

Aquaculture (Fish Farming)

Raising fish in tanks or ocean enclosures instead of catching them in the wild.

Marine Sanctuary

A protected ocean area where fishing is restricted or banned to help fish populations grow.

Bottom Trawling

Dragging a huge net along the ocean floor, which destroys habitats and coral reefs.

Sustainable Fishing

Catching fish in a way that doesn’t harm the ocean or deplete fish populations.

Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY)

The most fish that can be caught without harming future fish populations.

Selective Fishing Gear

Special nets and traps designed to reduce bycatch and only catch certain fish.

Fishing Quotas

Government limits on how many fish can be caught each season to prevent overfishing.

Illegal Fishing

Fishing in protected areas or using banned methods that harm the ocean.

Mining

Digging into the earth to remove valuable minerals like gold, coal, and copper.

Mountaintop Removal

Blasting off the top of a mountain to reach coal underneath.

Acid Mine Drainage

When rainwater mixes with mining waste and creates toxic, acidic water that pollutes rivers.

Open-Pit Mining

Digging a huge hole in the ground to remove minerals.

Strip Mining

Removing large strips of soil to reach coal or minerals.

Urbanization

When more people move to cities, making them grow bigger.

Urban Sprawl

Cities spread out too far, making people more dependent on cars.

Smart Growth

City planning that makes places walkable, green, and efficient.

Ecological Footprint

The amount of land and resources a person needs to live.

Carbon Footprint

How much pollution and CO₂ a person or country produces.

Sustainability

Using resources wisely so they last for future generations.

Renewable Resources

Resources that can be replaced, like sun, wind, and water.

IPAT Formula

A formula that calculates how humans impact the environment.