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Conditioning

Learning associations between events.

Classical Conditioning

Involves environmental events.

Operant Conditioning

Involves behavior consequences.

Acquisition

Occurs when a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A neutral stimulus that elicits a response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Timing

The CS must precede the US for effective conditioning.

Extinction

The weakening and disappearance of a learned response.

Spontaneous Recovery

The reappearance of a learned response after a break in time.

Higher Order Conditioning

A neutral stimulus paired with a conditioned stimulus elicits the same response.

Stimulus Generalization

Responding to similar stimuli.

Discrimination

Learning to not respond to other stimuli.

Classical Conditioning in Advertising

Pairing a product with a conditioned response to evoke emotion.

Learning to Fear

Many fears are learned through classical conditioning.

Counter Conditioning

Pairing a conditioned stimulus with a new unconditioned stimulus.

Taste Aversion

A learned response to avoid a food associated with a negative experience.

Antabuse

A medication that produces unpleasant side effects to treat alcohol use disorders.

Drug Tolerance

The body's adaptation to a medication requiring more or different medicine.

Operant Conditioning

Behavior is controlled by its consequences.

Skinner Box

A device used to study operant conditioning.

Reinforcement

Increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring.

Primary Reinforcers

Reinforcers that are naturally satisfying (e.g., food, water).

Secondary Reinforcers

Reinforcers that acquire value through learning (e.g., money, praise).

Punishment

Decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring.

Positive Reinforcement

Adding a reinforcing stimulus.

Negative Reinforcement

Removing an unpleasant stimulus.

Shaping

Reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior.

Extinction Burst

A sudden increase in behavior just before it stops.

Discriminative Stimuli

Cues indicating the probable consequence of a behavior.

Schedules of Reinforcement

Different patterns of delivering reinforcement.

Continuous Reinforcement

Reinforcement provided every time a behavior occurs.

Intermittent Reinforcement

Reinforcement provided after some responses, leading to greater resistance to extinction.

Fixed Ratio Schedule

Reinforcement after a fixed number of responses.

Variable Ratio Schedule

Reinforcement after a variable number of responses.

Fixed Interval Schedule

Reinforcement after a set time interval.

Variable Interval Schedule

Reinforcement after a variable time interval.

Conditioned Taste Aversion

Association between a food's taste and illness.

Preparedness & Phobias

Likelihood of developing phobias based on evolutionary threats.

Instinctive Drift

Tendency of animals to revert to natural behaviors, interfering with learned behaviors.

Observational Learning

Learning by observing models.

Vicarious Conditioning

Learning through the experiences of others.

Bobo Doll Study

Demonstrated that exposure to violence increases aggression.

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

The master pacemaker of the body's clock.

Melatonin

Hormone released by the pineal gland in response to darkness.

Jet Lag

Disruption of circadian rhythms due to travel.

Sleep Deprivation

Impairment caused by lack of sleep.

Stages of Sleep

Different phases characterized by specific brain wave patterns.

REM Sleep

A stage of sleep with active brain waves and vivid dreams.

Memory Consolidation

Process of the brain organizing and storing memories during sleep.

REM Rebound

Increased REM sleep following deprivation.

Dreams as Wish Fulfillment

Freud's theory that dreams satisfy unconscious needs.

Problem Solving View

Cartwright's theory that dreams help us think through problems.

Activation Synthesis

Hobson and McCarley's theory that dreams are the brain's attempt to make sense of signals.

Hypnosis

A state of extreme suggestibility affecting thoughts and feelings.

Dissociation

A split in consciousness during hypnosis.

Roleplay in Hypnosis

The participant fully engages in the hypnotic role.