Conditioning - learning associations between events

• Classical - environmental events: 

• Operant - behavior consequence

Acquisition - occurs when a neutral stimulus is presented with an unconditional 

Type of CS: Novel stimuli(new), Need not to resemble US

Timing: CS precedes US bell -> food; not food -> bell; close in time or won’t work

Extinction - The weakening and disappearance of a learned response

Spontaneous Recovery - the reappearance of a learned response after a break in time

Higher order conditioning - neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a previously conditioned stimulus, resulting in the neutral stimulus eliciting the same response as the conditioned stimulus. 

Stimulus generalization and discrimination 

Generalization -  Responding to a similar stimuli 

Discrimination - Learns to not respond to other stimuli

Classical conditioning in real life

Classical Conditioning in ads -  pairing a product with a conditioned response for a specific target audience to produce an emotion 

Learning to fear - many fears are learned through classical conditioning

Counter conditioning -  pair a conditioned stimulus with a new unconditioned

Taste Aversion - a learned response to avoid a food or flavor that was associated with a negative experience, such as getting sick. Biological readiness to associate taste/odor with illness.

Antabuse - a medication used in the treatment of alcohol use disorders by producing unpleasant side effects and sensitivity to alcohol.

Drug Tolerance - A condition that occurs when the body gets used to a medicine so that either more medicine is needed or different medicine is needed.

Drugs an clas cond - it goes in the opposite direction

• UCS = cocaine

• UCR = arousal

• CS = drug environment

• CR = slow downs body

Operant Conditioning 

• Behavior is controlled by its consequences

The Skinner box

Consequences

Reinforcement - more likely to occur

Primary reinforcers -  they are reinforcing without any learning required. Food, water 

Secondary reinforcers - we learn to value through learning, Praising, awards, money, good grading

Punishment - less likely to occur

Positive Reinforcement -  Adding of  reinforcing stimulus

Negative reinforcement - Removal of unpleasant stimulus

Shaping -  reinforce successive approximations (ex - training animals)

Extinction -  disappearance of a learned bx

Extinction Burst-  a burst of behavior just before it stops

Spontaneous recovery -  it can occur if the behavior happens again in a break in time

Discriminative stimuli -  cues indication the probable consequence of a bx

Schedules of reinforcement - 

Continuous - a reinforcement every time they press a bar

Intermittent - a reinforcement after every few presses on a bar( greater resistance to extinction 

Intermittent schedules

• Fixed ratio - reinforcement is given after a fixed number of attempts

• Variable ratio - reinforcement is given after a variable number of attempts( random # )

• Fixed interval - the reinforcement occurs after a set time interval after the first attempt

• Variable interval - the reinforcement occurs after a variable set time interval.

Ratio produces faster then interval

interval produces steady response

Biological influences

• Conditioned taste aversion - a learned association between a food's taste and illness.

• Preparedness & phobias - people are more likely to develop phobias of things that have threatened human survival throughout evolution

• Instinctive drift - the tendency of an animal to revert to its natural, unconscious, and automatic behaviors, which can interfere with learned behaviors

Observational learning

• Albert bandura

• Conditioning can be learned by observing models

• Vicarious conditioning

• Bobo Doll study (tv/video game violence) - increases aggression in both kids and adults ( desensitizes us)

The body clock

• Suprachiasmatic nucleus (master pacemaker) (in hypothalamus)

• Melatonin- when is becomes dark out pineal gland releases melatonin

Violating circadian rhythm

Jet lag - takes one day to adjust

East vs west -  harder to go east, harder to shorten day then length

Baseball study - visitors win rate:

No travel = 46%

Went west = 44%

Went west = 37%

Why do we sleep

• Uncertain 

• Sleep deprivation - worse than alcohol or drug driving

AAA study

• 80% fell asleep

• 1 of 6 fatalities

• 24 hours w/o sleep ~ 0.1Bac

Stages of sleep

Awake - low voltage, high frequency beta waves (Beta)

Drowsy - Alpha waves prominent (Alpha)

Stage 1 sleep - theta waves prominent (Theta)

Stage 2 sleep -  sleep spindles and mixed eeg activity

Slow-wave sleep stages 3,4 - Progressively more delta waves (Delta)

Rem sleep -  Low voltage, high frequency waves( Beta)

Rem Sleep - “Paradoxical sleep”, brain active, yet body paralyzed.

• Vivid Dreams

• Memory consolidation, where the brain remembers stuff learned before hand

• Rem Rebound - your body rebounds and goes into rem right away

• Slow Wave rebound 

Culture, sleep dreams - textbook

Sleep disorders - text book just 4 and the basic ideas

Dreams as wish fulfillment(freud) - the day residue shapes dreams that satisfy unconscious needs

The problem solving view(cartwright) -  we think through major problems in out lives

Activation synthesis(Hobson And McCarley) -  a story is created to make sense of internal signals

Hypnosis - a state of extreme suggestibility, it changes thoughts, feelings inorder to comply the thoughts and suggestions

Dissociation -  split in consciousness, with one part of the line follows the hypnosis while the other side observes

Roleplay -  where the person hands themselves over because there to into the role of being hypnotized