Ap Euro Final

Causes of the American Revolution

Britsih taxed colonies heavily for revenue to pay for the French and Indin War

"No taxation without representation"-colonists resented being taxed without having a representative in Parliament

Tax Acts including: Stamp Act, Sugar Act, and Tea Act angered colonists

Boston Massacre

Intolerable Acts(Coercive Acts)

Stamp Act

1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

Marquise Lafeyette

One of the most trusted generals of George Washington

Treaty of Paris 1783

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River

America's Bill of Rights

-exemplified the strengths and limits of what is called liberalism-liberty and equality

Baroque Art

art that originated in Rome and is associated with the Catholic Reformation, characterized by emotional intensity, strong self-confidence, spirit

Rococo Art

Placed emphasis on the carefree life of the aristocracy rather than on grand heroes or pious martyrs

Neoclassicism

the revival of a classical style or treatment in art, literature, architecture, or music.

Italian Renissance art

\-Began in Florence \n -Perspective-linear perspective \n -idealistic \n -individualistic and humanist \n - 4 stages (Proto-, early, high, and mannerism)-mythological themes \n -Greek and roman (ancient) themes \n -"Primavera" (Botticelli)

Northern Renissance Art

\-1500-1620ish \n -more Christian and religious themes \n -art academies \n -painted reality as it was seen-less emphasis on classical forms \n -challenges the authority of the church \n -centered-portraits \n -"Arnolfin

Mannerism

Artistic movement against the Renaissance ideals of symetry, balance, and simplicity; went against the perfection the High Renaissance created in art. Used elongated proportions, twisted poese and compression of space.

War of Austrian Succession

This war was over the inheritance of the throne by Maria Theresa, for the Salic law prevented a woman from solely ruling the state

Printing Press

A mechanical device for transferring text or graphics from a woodblock or type to paper using ink. Presses using movable type first appeared in Europe in about 1450.

Agricultural Revolution

A time when new inventions such as the seed drill and the steel plow made farming easier and faster. The production of food rose dramatically.

columbian exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

english civil war

Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king

english bill of rights

King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people.

enlightened despotism

system of government in which absolute monarchs ruled according to the principles of the Enlightenment

Enlightened ideals of the Revolution

* Democracy (away from absolute monarchy)
* Montesquieu's idea of separation of powers into three branches
* government is for the people
* inspired by European Enlightenment thinkers like Rousseau and Locke
* freedom of speech and press, equality, and religious tolerance
* question and rationalize everything

european expansion

A time period in European history where European countries conquered land in other continents and created huge and powerful empires. This led to trade and settlements in these new lands. Also, european countries fought over land within europe causing wars such as the Thirty Year's war.

european exploration

voyages to new territories by European navigators in the 15th century,

french revolution

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

reign of terror

(1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty"

Hanseatic League

An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century.

Humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

Louis XIV

(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.

Machiavelli

Renaissance writer; formerly a politician, wrote The Prince, a work on ethics and government, describing how rulers maintain power by methods that ignore right or wrong; accepted the philosophy that "the end justifies the means."

Maria Theresa

This was the queen of Austria as a result of the Pragmatic Sanction. She limited the papacy's political influence in Austria, strengthened her central bureaucracy and cautiously reduced the power that nobles had over their serfs

Martin Luther

95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women

Napoleon

conquered europe and replaced rulers with friends. russia and britain was out of his reach. he was french

Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

The Renaissance

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

leonardo de vinci

was a true renaissance man, and artist and an inventor. He painted the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper and had a variety of interests.

michaelangelo

painter, sculptor, and architect; painiting on the ceiling of the SIstine Chapel in Rome

raphael

Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens.

donatello

Florentine sculptor famous for his lifelike sculptures (1386-1466)

galileo

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars

william shakespeare

English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers (1564-1616)

rene descartes

17th century French philosopher; wrote Discourse on Method; 1st principle "i think therefore i am"; believed mind and matter were completly seperate; known as father of modern rationalism

scientific revolution

A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.

Seven Years War

Fought between France/Russia and Prussia- Frederick kept fighting against heavy odds and was saved when Peter III took Russian throne and called off the war.

voltaire

French philosopher and writer whose works epitomize the Age of Enlightenment, often attacking injustice and intolerance.