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First Agricultural Revolution (Neolithic Revolution)
The origin of farming around 10,000 BCE, marking the transition from a nomadic lifestyle to settled agriculture, leading to the formation of civilizations.
Long-term effects of the First Agricultural Revolution
Formation of settlements, development of specialized occupations, increased trade, and establishment of governments.
Second Agricultural Revolution
Started in the 1700s in England, characterized by technological advancements leading to increased food production.
Technologies of the Second Agricultural Revolution
Iron/steel plough, seed drill, harvester, grain elevator, barbed wire, and fertilizers.
Third Agricultural Revolution (Green Revolution)
Mid-20th century advancements in agricultural technology focused on higher yielding and disease-resistant crop varieties.
Major outcomes of the Green Revolution
Increased use of fertilizers and pesticides, development of hybrid crops, and enhanced irrigation infrastructure.
Columbian Exchange
The exchange of crops, animals, and diseases between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia after European colonization.
Impact of the Columbian Exchange on the New World
Introduction of European crops and livestock, including wheat and horses.
Impact of the Columbian Exchange on the Old World
Introduction of New World crops like potatoes and maize, which transformed diets.
Terracing
Creating flat surfaces on hillsides for farming, increases arable land but risks landslides.
Irrigation
Directing water from its source to farmland, enhancing crop yields but can lead to salinization.
Draining Wetlands
Transforming wetlands into farmland, boosting agricultural output but reducing biodiversity and filtering capacity.
Slash and Burn Agriculture
Cutting and burning vegetation to clear land for farming, can enrich soil temporarily but causes long-term environmental damage.
Commercial Agriculture
Farming conducted for profit, typically involves large-scale production for distribution.
Subsistence Agriculture
Farming focused on growing enough food to feed oneself and family rather than for sale.
Enclosure Acts
Laws allowing landowners in Britain to enclose common land, leading to displacement of small farmers.
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
Plants or animals with DNA altered to enhance certain traits like yield and disease resistance.
Hybridization
Breeding different plant varieties to produce desired traits, commonly used to produce crops during the Green Revolution.
Positive consequences of the Green Revolution
Increased food production, lower prices, and improved nutritional quality.
Negative consequences of the Green Revolution
Displacement of small farmers, environmental degradation, and reliance on chemical fertilizers.
Pastoral Nomadism
A form of subsistence agriculture where people move livestock to find fresh pastures.
Shifting Cultivation
A practice involving moving to new fields periodically after soil nutrients are depleted.
Plantation Farming
Large-scale farming specializing in cash crops, typically requires significant labor and is often located in tropical regions.
Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming
A system integrating crops and livestock where crops feed livestock and livestock provide manure for crops.
Grain Farming
Farming primarily for the production of grain, typically expected to supply food for human consumption.
Commercial Gardening
Also known as truck farming, involves growing fruits and vegetables for sale in markets.
Mediterranean Agriculture
Farming characterized by specialized crops suited for warm, dry summers and mild, wet winters.
Climate's role in agriculture
Different climates dictate which crops can be successfully grown in various regions.
Agro-biodiversity
The variety of plants and animals raised in agriculture, promoting ecosystem health and resilience.
Fair Trade Movement
A movement aimed at helping producers in developing countries achieve better trading conditions.
Aquaculture
The cultivation of fish and other aquatic organisms under controlled conditions.
Blue Revolution
The rapid increase in fish farming and aquaculture practices globally.
Environmental impacts of agriculture
Including pollution, biodiversity loss, soil degradation, and water scarcity caused by extensive farming practices.
Women in Agriculture in LDCs
Women represent a significant portion of the agricultural labor force, often in subsistence farming.
Women in Agriculture in MDCs
Women engage in various roles in agriculture but often have limited ownership in agribusiness.
Monoculture
The agricultural practice of growing a single crop over a wide area, leading to higher efficiency but potential ecological risks.
Agribusiness
A system encompassing all steps of food production from growing and processing to distribution and marketing.
