bio2114 lecture final exam

Each hemoglobin molecule can transport two molecules of oxygen

False

The phase of swallowing involving the oropharynx is controlled by the swallowing center in the thalamus and lower pons

False

If the SA node is not functioning, an ECG will show

no P waves with a HR between 40-60 bpm

The symptoms of hyperventilation can be reduced by breathing into a paper bag because it:

helps increase carbon dioxide levels in the blood

Which blood component primarily contributes to plasma osmotic pressure?

albumin

For inspiration of air, which of the following happens first?

diaphragm descends, thoracic volume begins to increase, and rib cage rises

A patient’s hematocrit shows an unusually large buffy coat. What is a likely cause for this?

serve infection

Compared to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle

has gap junctions that allow cells to communicate and act as a functional syncytium

During expiration (exhaling), the diaphragm contracts and moves inferiorly,

False

Air moves into the lungs when pressure outside of the lungs is

less than the pressure in the atmosphere

Blood flow is ____ proportional to the difference in blood pressure. Blood flow is ____ proportional to the total peripheral resistance.

directly; inversely

Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include

voluntary cortical control

During the isovolumetric relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle

atrioventricular, aortic, and pulmonary valves are closed

Which of the following might trigger erythropoiesis?

hypoxia of EPO-producing cells

The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called

inspiratory reserve volume

If blood volume decreased dramatically due to massive bleeding, the autonomic nervous system will attempt to maintain cardiac output by increasing the heart rate.

True

Hemorrhage with a large loss of blood causes

a lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output

Surfactant helps prevent the alveoli from collapsing by

interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

The vocal folds can act as a sphincter to prevent air passage and increase intra-abdominal pressure

True

People that have single allele (gene copy) for sickle cell anemia are typically not sick from the disease and are said to be carriers of the sickle cell trait. These people will more often live in the malaria belt of sub-Saharan Africa. The most likely explanation for this is

people with sickle cell trait have a better chance of surviving malaria

Norepinephrine acts on the heart by

causing threshold to be reached more quickly

A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta will affect the flow of blood to the

right side of the head and neck and right upper arm

hard palate

A

soft palate

B

epiglottis

C

thyroid gland

D

palatine tonsil

E

esphagus

F

trachea

G

intrapulmonary pressure is the

pressure within the alveoli of the lungs

A mismatch of blood types during a transfusion is dangerous because ________.

preformed antibodies in the recipient's blood will bind and clump (agglutinate) the donated cells

Control centers that control respiratory rate and smoothness are located in the

the medulla and pons

Sinoatrial (SA) node

A

Smoking diminishes ciliary action and eventually destroys cilia

True

Prevents backflow into the left ventricle

aortic semilunar valve

Prevents backflow into the right atrium

tricuspid valve

Prevents backflow into the left atrium

mitral (bicuspid) valve

Prevents backflow into the right ventricle

pulmonary semilunar valve

Atrioventricular (AV) valve with three flaps

tricuspid valve

Factors that aid venous return include all EXCEPT

urinary output

Diapedesis is the process by which red blood cells move into tissue spaces from the interior of blood capillaries

False

A person exhibiting suppression of immunity and clotting disorder as well as low oxygen-carrying capacity is likely suffering from which of the following?

aplastic anemia

An increase in blood viscosity will cause an increase in peripheral resistance.

True

If the mitral valve is unable to close properly

blood could floe back into the left atrium

Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas moevment?

partial pressure gradient

An electrocardiogram (ECG) provides direct information about valve function

False

A patient with essential hypertension might have pressure of 200/120 mm Hg. This hypertension state could result in all of the following changes EXCEPT

decreased size of the heart attack

A patient with type A positive blood can, in theory, safely donate blood to someone with _____ blood

A positive or AB positive

With a patient that is administered an injection of erythropoietin (EPO) you would expect to see

increased hematocrit

Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the

ciliated mucous lining in the nose

During an afternoon class, Lisa starts to feel hungry and worries that her blood sugar level may be dropping. Which hormone is helping to prevent a drop in blood sugar level?

glucagon

Axillary nodes

B

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the large intestine?

It is longer than the small intestine.

Protein-containing fluid within lymphatic vessels.

Lymph

Stores blood platelets.

Spleen

Receives lymph from most of the body.

Thoracic Duct

Small organs intimately associated with lymphatic vessels.

Lymph Nodes

Largest lymphatic organ.

Spleen

Wavelike smooth muscle contractions that move foodstuffs through the alimentary tube.

Peristalsis

Chemical or mechanical process of breaking down foodstuffs into simpler units.

Digestion

Enzymatic breakdown of any type of food molecule.

Hydrolysis

Process by which simpler chemical units pass through the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract into the blood or lymph.

Absorption

Lymph leaves a lymph node via ________.

efferent lymphatic vessels

Which of the following is NOT true of saliva?

contains acids which aid in chemical digestion

The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called ________.

digestion

Lymph vessels do NOT transport ________.

erythrocytes

Lymphocytes reside temporarily in lymphoid tissue, then move to other parts of the body.

True

As a result of stress, the anterior pituitary releases ________, which stimulates release of hormones from the adrenal cortex that retain sodium and water, increase blood sugar, and begin breaking down fats.

ACTH

Which lymphoid organ atrophies as we age?

thymus

Cisterna chyli.

D

Several hours after your last meal, declining blood glucose levels stimulate release of the hormone ________, which stimulates glycogenolysis, lipolysis and fat mobilization, and gluconeogenesis.

glucagon

The most important role of the spleen is to provide a site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response.

False

Antigen-binding site.

A

From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen.

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________.

hypophyseal portal system

Innate immune system defenses include ________.

phagocytosis

Which of the following statements is true of amino acid-based hormones?

They require a receptor in the plasma membrane.

Digestion and absorption of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged?

lipids

Select the correct statement about lymphocytes.

B cells produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies into the blood.

The sphincter between the stomach and duodenum is

the pyloric sphincter

Catabolism would be best described as a process that ________.

breaks down complex structures to simpler ones

The bolus is liquefied in the ________ and it is now called chyme.

stomach

Crown

A

neck

B

Root

C

Enamel

D

Dentin

E

Dentin tubules

F

Pulp Cavity

G

Bone

N

Gingival sulcus

H

Gingiva

I

Cement

J

Root canal

K

Periodontal ligament

L

Apical forman

M

Which type of food molecule provides components for cellular structures like plasma membranes, myelin sheaths, and steroid hormones?

lipids

Select the correct statement about lymph transport.

Lymph transport depends on the movement of adjacent tissues, such as skeletal muscles.

A vaccine is effective because ________.

the secondary response of the adaptive immunity is faster and more efficient than the primary response

The size and shape of a pea; produces hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands.

Pituitary gland (hypophysis)