world history

Absolute Monarchy

A form of government where the monarch holds supreme autocratic authority, principally unconstrained by written laws, legislature, or customs.

Constitutional Monarchy

A form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state within the parameters of a written constitution.

Ottoman Empire Impact

The Ottoman Empire influenced Eastern Europe through conquest and trade dominance, impacting global trade routes and economic systems.

English Bill of Rights Impact

The English Bill of Rights limited the power of the monarchy, established rights for Parliament and individuals, and influenced later democratic documents.

Copernicus Contributions

Proposed the heliocentric theory, which states that the planets revolve around the Sun, challenging the long-held geocentric view.

Galileo Contributions

Made significant telescopic observations that supported the heliocentric theory and contributed to physics and astronomy.

Issac Newton Contributions

Developed the laws of motion and universal gravitation, laying the foundation for classical physics.

Thomas Hobbes Political Philosophy

Believed in a social contract where individuals give up some freedoms to an absolute sovereign in exchange for protection.

Voltaire Political Philosophy

Advocated for freedom of speech, religious tolerance, and the separation of church and state.

Charles de Montesquieu Political Philosophy

Promoted the idea of separation of powers in government to prevent tyranny.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau Political Philosophy

Emphasized popular sovereignty and the idea that government should be based on the will of the people.

Separation of Powers

The division of governmental power among different branches (e.g., legislative, executive, judicial) to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful.

Popular Sovereignty

The principle that the authority of a state and its government are created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives.

Simon Bolivar Influence

Led independence movements in several Latin American countries, inspired by the American and French Revolutions.

Laissez-faire

An economic system in which transactions between private parties are free from government intervention such as regulation, privileges, tariffs, and subsidies.

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels Influence

Developed the theory of communism, advocating for a classless society achieved through a proletarian revolution.

Containment

A United States foreign policy doctrine adopted by the Harry Truman administration in 1947, in which the U.S. would provide political, military, and economic assistance to democratic countries under the threat of communist influence.

The Truman Doctrine

The principle that the US should give support to countries or peoples threatened by Soviet.