TEST 1 STUDY GUIDE

10 Rights of Patients in Medication Administration

Include right drug, patient, dose, time, route, assessment, documentation, evaluation, patient education, and refusal of care.

Conversions and Abbreviations:

• Tell me ml to cm3

• tell me ml to l

• ml to ccc

• mcg to mg

• mg to g

• g to kg

Liquids	Solids
1 mL = 1 cm3	1,000 mcg = 1 mg
1,000 mL = 1 L	1,000 mg = 1 g
1 ml=1cc	1,000 g - 1 kg

Drip rate formula

lbs to kg

2.2 lb=1kg

Properties of Ideal Drugs

Include effectiveness, safety, selectivity, predictability, ease of administration, freedom from interactions, low cost, chemical stability, and simple generic name.

Causes of Medication Errors

Include human factors, communication mistakes, and drug name confusion as common causes.

Pharmacokinetics- where do the processes work

Focus on absorption- GI tract, distribution- blood, metabolism- kidney and liver, and excretion processes in the body- bile and urine.

Pharmacodynamics

Focus on what the drug does to the body, sources of individual variation- age, gender, and weight, and drug-receptor interactions.

Passage of Drugs across membrane or BBB

Drugs must be lipophilic or lipid soluble or have a transport system

The most common anemia and what is the treatment

Oral Defienceincy anemia give oral iron (ferous sulfate)

Aplastic anemia, what are the levels

decrease in RBC, WBC, platelets

Inherrited Hemorhagic Diseases what factor is it deffiecient in and what other test wil show

Low levels of VIII and a prolonged PTT

First Pass Effect of Medications

Describes the process where drugs taken orally pass through the liver before reaching the systemic circulation.

Medication Errors - Nurse Role in Prevention

Emphasize patient education, safety culture, error prevention tools, and medication reconciliation.

Autonomic Nervous System

Differentiate between parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions and their effects on bodily functions.

Polypharmacy

Refers to the practice of taking multiple medications simultaneously.

Normal Lab Values

Include ranges for WBC, RBC, platelets, and hemoglobin and hematocrit levels.

Homeostasis

Define as the body's equilibrium and its importance in maintaining physiological functions.

Intracellular and Extracellular Fluids. Tell me the levels

Differentiate between fluids inside and outside the cell and their distribution in the body. ICF- 2/3 of fluid, EXF- 1/3 of fluid

Fluid Spacing

Explain first- normal distribution, second- edema, and third spacing of fluids in the body and their implications- pleural effusion.

To maintain a stable internal environment the body uses 4 processes

• diffusion

• facilitated diffusion

• osmosis

• active transport

Electrolytes, Define sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium normal ranges

• sodium- 135-145

• potassium- 3.5-4.5

• calcium- 9-11

• magnesium- 1.5-2.5

Sodium what are the main function

Neurological and neuromuscular

Potassium what are the main function

Neuromuscaular and cardiac

Calcium what are the main function

bones, teeth, nerve impulses, muscle contraction, clotting

If someone has a low calcium what happens

Tetany- give oral calcium

Magnesium what are the main functions

regulates metabolism, cardiac function, and nerve impulses

• SLOW INFUSION RATE TO AOID CARDIAC/RESP alert (1.5 ml/min or less than 10% conc)

Treatment

Oral forms of K:The safest way to administer potassium, never exceed 10-20 mEq/hr.

Calcium

Regulates bones, teeth, nerve impulses, muscle contraction, and clotting. Tetany may require oral calcium.

Magnesium

Regulates metabolism, cardiac function, and nerve impulses. Slow infusion recommended to avoid cardiac/respiratory issues.

Acid-Base Balance

Understanding acidosis vs. alkalosis, metabolic vs. respiratory imbalances.

ABG Interpretation (ph, PACO2, Bicarboante)

what makes it metabolic or acidotic

Normal Arterial Blood Gas Values - pH (7.35-7.45), PaCO2 (35-45 mmHg), Bicarbonate (22-26 mEq/L).

If PH and CO2 are going in same direction its metabolic

If PH and CO are going opposite its respiratory

Furosemide

Loop Diuretics (Furosemide) work in the loop of Henle, adverse effects include hyponatremia, hypotension, and hypokalemia.

Hydrochlorothiazide

Widely used diuretic with adverse effect of hypokalemia.

Spironolactone

Diuretic with adverse effect of HYPER kalemia, important to monitor potassium levels.