UNIT 2 KBAT

Agricultural Density

The number of farmers per unit of arable (farmable) land.

Arithmetic Density

The total number of people divided by the total land area (population density).

Asylum Seekers

People who flee their home country and seek protection in another country, claiming to be refugees.

Baby Boom

A significant increase in birth rates, especially notable after WWII (1946–1964 in North America).

Carrying Capacity

The maximum population size that an environment can sustain indefinitely given available resources.

Census

An official count or survey of a population, typically recording various details about individuals.

Chain Migration

Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there.

Child/Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The number of deaths of infants (under 1 year old) per 1,000 live births in a year.

Contraception

Methods or devices used to prevent pregnancy.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The number of deaths per 1,000 people per year.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The number of live births per 1,000 people per year.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A model that describes population change over time as countries develop economically, moving from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates.

Demography

The scientific study of population characteristics.

Dependency Ratio

The number of people under 15 and over 64 compared to the working-age population (15–64).

Doubling Time

The number of years needed for a population to double in size, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

Emigration

Moving out of a country to settle elsewhere.

Epidemiological Transition

A model that describes changing patterns of population age distribution, mortality, fertility, life expectancy, and causes of death.

Fertility

The natural ability to produce children.

Forced Migration

When people are compelled to move due to conflict, disaster, or threats (not by choice).

Guest Worker

A person who moves temporarily to another country for work, usually under government programs.

Immigration

Moving into a new country to live permanently.

IDPs (Internally Displaced Persons)

People who are forced to flee their home but remain within their country's borders.

Internal Migration

Movement within a country’s borders.

International Migration

Movement across country borders.

Intervening Obstacles

Barriers that make reaching a destination difficult (e.g., mountains, visas, lack of money).

Intervening Opportunities

Alternative destinations that arise during migration that offer a better chance at success.

Life Expectancy (Longevity Rate)

The average number of years a person can expect to live based on current mortality rates.

Malthusian Theory

Thomas Malthus's idea that population growth will outpace food production, leading to widespread famine.

Migration

The movement of people from one place to another.

Mortality

The incidence of death in a population.

Natural Increase Rate (NIR or RNI)

The percentage growth of a population in a year, calculated as CBR minus CDR.

Neo-Malthusians

People who believe that population growth could still outpace resources, updated for modern concerns like environmental degradation.

Overpopulation

When the number of people exceeds the resources available to support them at an acceptable standard of living.

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit of arable land (shows population pressure on productive land).

Population Agglomerations

Large clusters of people living in densely populated areas, often cities or urban regions.

Pro-Natalist Policies

Government policies that encourage more births (e.g., offering benefits for having children).

Anti-Natalist Policies

Government policies that discourage births (e.g., China's former One-Child Policy).

Population Pyramid

A bar graph that shows the distribution of a population by age and sex.

Push Factors

Negative conditions that drive people away from a place (e.g., war, famine).

Pull Factors

Positive conditions that attract people to a new place (e.g., jobs, safety).

Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration

A set of theories about migration patterns, including that most migrants move short distances, and long-distance migrants head to urban centers.

Refugees

People who flee their country because of fear of persecution, war, or disaster.

Replacement Fertility

The number of children a woman must have to maintain the population size (about 2.1 in most developed countries).

Rural-to-Urban Migration

Movement of people from countryside areas to cities, usually for economic opportunities.

Sex Ratio

The number of males per 100 females in a population.

Step Migration

Migration that happens in stages (e.g., from a village to a town, then to a city).

Transhumance

Seasonal movement of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.

Transnational Migrants

Migrants who maintain ties to their home country while living abroad.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman is expected to have during her lifetime.

Voluntary Migration

Movement by choice, usually for better opportunities.

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

When the birth rate equals the death rate, resulting in no natural population growth.