UNIT 2 KBAT

Agricultural Density – The number of farmers per unit of arable (farmable) land.

Arithmetic Density – The total number of people divided by the total land area (population density).

Asylum Seekers – People who flee their home country and seek protection in another country, claiming to be refugees.

Baby Boom – A significant increase in birth rates, especially notable after WWII (1946–1964 in North America).

Carrying Capacity – The maximum population size that an environment can sustain indefinitely given available resources.

Census – An official count or survey of a population, typically recording various details about individuals.

Chain Migration – Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there.

Child/Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) – The number of deaths of infants (under 1 year old) per 1,000 live births in a year.

Contraception – Methods or devices used to prevent pregnancy.

Crude Death Rate (CDR) – The number of deaths per 1,000 people per year.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR) – The number of live births per 1,000 people per year.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM) – A model that describes population change over time as countries develop economically, moving from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates.

Demography – The scientific study of population characteristics.

Dependency Ratio – The number of people under 15 and over 64 compared to the working-age population (15–64).

Doubling Time – The number of years needed for a population to double in size, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

Emigration – Moving out of a country to settle elsewhere.

Epidemiological Transition – A model that describes changing patterns of population age distribution, mortality, fertility, life expectancy, and causes of death.

Fertility – The natural ability to produce children.

Forced Migration – When people are compelled to move due to conflict, disaster, or threats (not by choice).

Guest Worker – A person who moves temporarily to another country for work, usually under government programs.

Immigration – Moving into a new country to live permanently.

IDPs (Internally Displaced Persons) – People who are forced to flee their home but remain within their country's borders.

Internal Migration – Movement within a country’s borders.

International Migration – Movement across country borders.

Intervening Obstacles – Barriers that make reaching a destination difficult (e.g., mountains, visas, lack of money).

Intervening Opportunities – Alternative destinations that arise during migration that offer a better chance at success.

Life Expectancy (Longevity Rate) – The average number of years a person can expect to live based on current mortality rates.

Malthusian Theory – Thomas Malthus's idea that population growth will outpace food production, leading to widespread famine.

Migration – The movement of people from one place to another.

Mortality – The incidence of death in a population.

Natural Increase Rate (NIR or RNI) – The percentage growth of a population in a year, calculated as CBR minus CDR.

Neo-Malthusians – People who believe that population growth could still outpace resources, updated for modern concerns like environmental degradation.

Overpopulation – When the number of people exceeds the resources available to support them at an acceptable standard of living.

Physiological Density – The number of people per unit of arable land (shows population pressure on productive land).

Population Agglomerations – Large clusters of people living in densely populated areas, often cities or urban regions.

Pro-Natalist Policies – Government policies that encourage more births (e.g., offering benefits for having children).

Anti-Natalist Policies – Government policies that discourage births (e.g., China's former One-Child Policy).

Population Pyramid – A bar graph that shows the distribution of a population by age and sex.

Push Factors – Negative conditions that drive people away from a place (e.g., war, famine).

Pull Factors – Positive conditions that attract people to a new place (e.g., jobs, safety).

Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration – A set of theories about migration patterns, including that most migrants move short distances, and long-distance migrants head to urban centers.

Refugees – People who flee their country because of fear of persecution, war, or disaster.

Replacement Fertility – The number of children a woman must have to maintain the population size (about 2.1 in most developed countries).

Rural-to-Urban Migration – Movement of people from countryside areas to cities, usually for economic opportunities.

Sex Ratio – The number of males per 100 females in a population.

Step Migration – Migration that happens in stages (e.g., from a village to a town, then to a city).

Transhumance – Seasonal movement of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.

Transnational Migrants – Migrants who maintain ties to their home country while living abroad.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) – The average number of children a woman is expected to have during her lifetime.

Voluntary Migration – Movement by choice, usually for better opportunities.

Zero Population Growth (ZPG) – When the birth rate equals the death rate, resulting in no natural population growth.