Studied by 12 people
energy
the ability to do work
law of conservation of energy
the law that states that energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be changed from one form to another
potential energy
stored energy that results from the position or shape of an object
kinetic energy
the energy an object has due to its motion
heat
The energy transferred between objects that are at different temperatures
work
force x distance
pathway
The specific conditions that control how energy transfer is divided between work and heat
state function (property)
a property that is independent of the pathway
system
the chemical or physical change that you are studying
surroundings
everything outside the system
exothermic
Chemical Reaction in which energy is primarily given off in the form of heat
endothermic
(of a chemical reaction or compound) occurring or formed with absorption of heat
thermodynamics
The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter.
first law of thermodynamics
Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
internal energy
the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of all particles in the system
enthalpy
The heat content of a system at constant pressure
calorimeter
an insulated device used to measure the absorption or release of heat in chemical or physical processes
calorimetry
The precise measurement of heat flow out of a system for chemical and physical processes
heat capacity
the number of heat units needed to raise the temperature of a body by one degree.
specific heat capacity
the energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius
molar heat capacity
the energy required to raise the temperature of one mole of a substance by one degree Celsius
constant-pressure calorimetry
the measurement of heat using a simple calorimeter to determine the changes in enthalpy (heats of reaction) for reactions occurring in solution; the pressure (atmospheric pressure) remains constant during the process
constant-volume calorimetry
the measurement of heat at a constant volume to find the change in internal energy of the system; requires the use of a "bomb" calorimeter
Hess's Law
the overall enthalpy change in a reaction is equal to the sum of enthalpy changes for the individual steps in the process
standard enthalpy of formation
enthalpy change if 1 mole of compound in standard state were formed directly from its elements
standard state
a reference state for a specific substance defined according to a set of conventional definitions
fossil fuels
Coal, oil, natural gas, and other fuels that are ancient remains of plants and animals.
petroleum
liquid fossil fuel; oil
natural gas
flammable gas, consisting largely of methane and other hydrocarbons, occurring naturally underground (often in association with petroleum) and used as fuel.
coal
A fossil fuel that forms underground from partially decomposed plant material
greenhouse effect
Natural situation in which heat is retained in Earth's atmosphere by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases
syngas
synthetic gas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, obtained by coal gasification
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Flashcard (175)