Studied by 65 peopleempiricism
the view that (a) knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and (b) science flourishes through observation and experiment
structuralism
an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind
functionalism
a school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish
behavioral psychology
the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning
psychodynamic psychology
a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders
psychometrics
the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits
cognitive psychology
the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
industrial-organizational psychology (I/O)
the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces
human factors psychology
an I/O psychology subfield that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use
positive psychology
the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive
operational definition
a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study
random sample
a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
correlation
a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.
random assignment
assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups
placebo
experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent
independent variable
the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied
dependent variable
the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable
descriptive statistics
numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups; includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation
standard deviation
a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score
inferential statistics
numerical data that allow one to generalizeāto infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population
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