Life 103 Exam 2

Angiosperms

Flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed in fruits.

Sporophyte

The diploid dominant stage in angiosperms that forms the flowering body.

Gametophyte

The haploid stage in angiosperms, microscopic and dependent on the sporophyte.

Pollination

The process where pollen is transferred to the stigma of a flower.

Stigma

The sticky part of a flower that receives pollen during pollination.

Style

The tube-like structure that connects the stigma to the ovary in a flower.

Ovary

The part of a flower that contains ovules, which develop into seeds.

Stamen

The male reproductive part of a flower that produces pollen, consisting of filament and anther.

Filament

The thin stalk that supports the anther in a stamen.

Anther

The part of a flower that produces pollen.

Fruits

Mature ovaries that protect seeds and aid in their dispersal.

Imbibition

The process of water uptake by a dry seed, essential for germination.

Taproot

A primary root that grows deep into the soil for stability and nutrient access.

Fibrous roots

A network of thin roots that spread out near the soil surface.

Apical bud

The growing tip of a plant shoot responsible for growth in length and new leaf and flower development.

Dermal tissue

The outer protective layer of the plant.

Xylem

The vascular tissue that transports water and dissolved minerals from roots to the rest of the plant.

Phloem

The vascular tissue that transports photosynthesis products from shoots to roots.

Meristems

Regions of undifferentiated cells in plants responsible for growth.

Stomata

Pores in leaves that allow for gas exchange.

Water potential

A measure of the potential energy in water affecting its movement in plants.

Cation Exchange

The process where cations adhere to soil particles and get exchanged with other cations.

Nitrogen fixation

The process of converting nitrogen gas in the atmosphere into ammonia in the soil, often facilitated by rhizobium bacteria.

Mycorrhizae

Mutualistic associations between fungi and plant roots that enhance nutrient uptake.

Double Fertilization

A process in angiosperms where one sperm fertilizes the egg and another sperm fuses with polar nuclei to form endosperm.

Dioecious flowers

Flowers that have male and female reproductive parts on separate plants.

Asexual reproduction

A form of reproduction that results in a genetically identical clone of the parent organism.

Carpals

It consists of an ovary, style, and stigma. It is where pollen is received.

Hypocotyl

The part of a seedling that develops into the stem and is located below the cotyledons.

Radicle

The part of a seedling that develops into the root, located below the soil.

Roots

The part of a plant that anchors it in the soil and absorbs water and nutrients.

Root Hairs

Tiny extensions of root cells that increase the surface area for water and nutrient absorption.

Indeterminate Growth

 When a plant grows consistently throughout its life

Determinate Growth

when plants stop growing at a certain size

Primary Growth

Growth that increases the length of a plant

Secondary Growth

Growth that increases the width of a plant

Vascular Cambium

a type of lateral meristem that adds layers of vascular tissue called

secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem

Cork Cambium

a type of lateral meristem that replaces the epidermis with periderm,

which is thicker and tougher

Primary growth in roots

happens in zones of division, elongation, and differentiation/maturation

How do plant cells elongate?

By filling a central vacuole with water

Eudicot vascular tissue

Vascular bundles arranged in a ring

Monocot vascular tissue

Vascular bundles arranged throughout the ground tissue

Stomata open when…

The surrounding guard cells get an influx of K+ ions, which makes water go up its concentration gradient into the cell, causing the guard cells to swell and open

Apoplast

everything external to the plasma membrane

Symplast

 Consists of the cytosol of all the living cells in a plant, as well as the plasmodesmata

Bulk Flow

The movement of a fluid driven by pressure

Transpirational Pull

Happens from cohesion of water and the evaporation of water from the leaves. It transports from roots to shoots

Translocation

When the the products of photosynthesis are transported through

phloem

Casparian Strip

A waxy barrier, preventing the unregulated flow of water and minerals into the vascular tissues.

Sources

Are where plant sugars are made

Sinks

The parts of the plant that consume the sugar made by the sources

Topsoil (A Horizon)

Consists of mineral particles, living organisms, and humus (decaying organic material)

Micronutrients are…

Mostly enzyme cofactors