Studied by 3 people
Anti-clericalism
Definition:
Opposition to the clergy
Significance:
Such beliefs started to grow after the Church made mistakes (Avignon Papacy, Crusades)
Led to people questioning the power of the Catholic Church (ex. Martin Luther, John Calvin)
Pluralism
Definition:
The practice of a bishop ruling multiple dioceses at the same time for monetary gain
Significance:
Spurred the growth of resentment against the church especially in Germany
Absenteeism
Definition:
The practice of bishops never visiting their dioceses
Significance:
Increase of negative opinions about the papacy and the clergy
Martin Luther
Definition:
German theologian who wrote “95 Theses,” a series of grievances with the Catholic Church primarily about the practice of indulgences.
Believes that faith alone could get a person into heaven
Significance:
Ignited the Protestant Reformation
Created Lutheranism
Indulgences
Definition:
A monetary payment to the church in order to supposedly absolve past sins and release one from purgatory after death.
Significance:
Many people thought this was problematic
Whole point of the 95 Theses was to attack this
Charles V
Definition:
Holy Roman Emperor
Devout Catholic
Significance:
Tried to crush the Protestant princes (Schmalkaldic League) but failed
Sola Fide
Definition: Only Faith
Significance:
Martin Luther believes that faith alone could get you into heaven, disagreed with the sacraments
Sola Scripture
Definition:
“Only the scriptures:
Significance:
Increased literacy for Protestants because of the idea that they had to read + interpret the Bible
Bible translated into more languages
Ulrich Zwingli
Definition: Swiss theologist who followed most of Luther’s ideas
Significance:
Didn’t believe in transubstantiation, which was a pillar of the Catholic Church
Eucharist
Definition:
The belief that the bread and wine served at communions literally turn into the body and blood of Christ.
Significance:
Caused divide in Protestantism (Calvinists didn’t, Lutheranists sorta did)
Appeal of Protestant Ideas
Humanists resonated with it because of the emphasis on “the self”
Peasants liked it because it reduced their tax
Luther’s German Bible
Definition: Martin Luther translated the Latin Bible into German
Significance:
Lay people could read the Bible
People started to find discrepancies between the books and the Church
Anabaptists
Definition: A sect of Protestantism that argued that Baptism should only be done to adults.
Significance:
Completely contradicted all other sects
Had a much stronger division between Church and State
German Peasants’ War
Definition: An uprising of peasants against the HRE crown
Significance:
Martin Luther supported the nobles in this war, arguing that the Bible doesn’t say anything about “wordly” matters + anyone who starts violence should be punished
Protestant Ideas about Marriage
Marriage is NECESSARY
No more clergical celibacy!
Divorce was allowed
Argula von Grumbach
Definition: Female Protestant reformer inspired by Luther’s works
Significance:
One of the few women involved with the Reformation
War in Switzerland
Definition: War between Catholics and Protestants (who followed Zwingli)
Significance:
Zwingli was killed
People started to think that it would be better if the Prince of a region chose the religion
Augsburg Confession
Definition:
A set of documents explaining the key principles of Lutheranism, defending it against the Catholics
Significance:
Helped end the war
Firm rejection by Charles V ignited more conflict
Peace of Augsburg
Definition: A treaty between Charles V and the Schmalkaldic league, recognizing Lutheranism
Significance:
Lutheranism was accepted
Princes could choose their own religion
Unifying HRE would be harder
Caused Charles V to step down
Scandinavian Reform
Definition:
The growth of Lutheranism in Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway, and Ireland)
Significance:
Starting the growth of Protestantism outside of the HRE
Henry VIII
Definition: King of England who separated England from the Catholic Church
Significance:
Adopted Protestantism in England
Helped England get money and territory back from the Church
Act of Supremacy
Definition:
Doctrine which gave the king of England (Henry VIII) the right to be the supreme governor of the Church of England
Significance:
Solidified Anglicanism
Thomas Cromwell
Definition: King Henry VIII’s advisor
Significance:
Influence Henry VIII to mandate having an English Bible in every church
Helped manage and dissolve monastic territory and centralized king’s power
Irish Catholicism
Definition:
The Irish remained Catholic even after the Irish Parliament severed tied with the church (under England’s force).
Significance:
Caused the English to look down upon the Irish
Start of strife between the two countries
Book of Common Prayer
Definition: Written by Thomas Carnmer about Protestant prayers and rituals
Significance:
Solidified Anglicanism
Elizabeth 1
Definition:
Daughter of King Henry VIII who brought religious stability to England.
Significance:
Religious toleration
Purified the church from Catholic values
Her reign was the height of exploration and literature
Dealt with the Spanish Armada!
Act of Uniformity
Definition: Doctrine which laid the groundwork for the English Church
Significance:
Restored the Book of Common Prayers
Allowed for two interpretations of communion
Spanish Armada
Definition:
Spanish fleet that tried to invade England and LOST
Phllip II sad he got rejected (rip)
Phillip wanted to bring back Catholicism to England
Mad that Queen Elizabeth killed Queen Mary of the Scotts
Significance:
First time England became a “superpower” since they beat the biggest naval fleet in the world
More standing armies
John Calvin
Beliefs:
Predestination: God already decided whether you’re going to heaven or hell
Churches should be bare and have minimal decoration
Lead a strict life
Significance:
His beliefs spread to several regions (England, France, Scotland)
Geneva was an example of his beliefs
Predestination
Definition: Belief that god already decided whether you go to heaven or hell.
Geneva
Definition: A city in Switzerland based completely on Calvinist ideals
Significance:
Became the paradigm of a proper Protestant country
Denominations of Calvinism
Presbyterian (Scotland)
Huguenots (France)
Puritans (England)
Protestant Work Ethic
Definition: Protestants believed that your wealth is indicative of god’s blessing (ESPECIALLY IN CALVINISM)
Significance:
idk people would work hard ????
John Knox
Definition: Scottish theologian, devout Calvinist
Significance:
Led the Scottish Reformation
Started the first Presbyterian church in Scotland
Reformation in Poland
Diverse population with conflicting interests
People were interested in Calvinism with its appeal to elders
Didn’t have reform because it failed, so it remained Catholic
Breakup of Hungary
Lutheranism brewing
Catholic nobles disapproved and wanted to crush the coalition
Ottoman Turks ended up conquering Eastern Hungary primarily for land, ending the religious wars.
Simony
Definition:The buying or selling of some spiritually related
Significance:
It was one of the primary reasons why the Catholic Church split
Corrupted the church
Ended after the Council of Trent
The Holy Office
Definition: A group of Cardinals who made regulations
Significance:
Index of Prohibited Books: banning all Protestant books
Explained Catholic teachings
Index of Prohibited Books
Definition: A list of books the Holy Office banned in order to revive Catholicism
Significance:
Consolidated Catholicism
Increased the divide between Catholicism and Protestantism
Council of Trent
Definition:
Catholics got together to renew and make changes to Catholicism
Significance:
Scriptures were given importance
No more pluralism!
No more nepotism!
Marriage had to be done in public
Teresa of Avila
Definition: Female nun who tried to restore Catholicism by encouraging people to to revert to past methods
Significance:
One of the few women to be considered a “Saint”
Helped usher the Catholic Reformation
Was a published author
Ursuline Order
Definition:
A group of nuns who were aiming to re-Christianize young women
Significance:
Allowed more education for women
Device for the Reformation
Jesuits
Definition:
A group aiming at re-Christianizing people within Europe + introducing Catholicism to colonies
Significance:
Allowed for the spread of Catholicism into Japan, China, as well as South America
Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis
Definition:
Treaty ending the dispute between Spain and France over Northern Italian territory; Spain wins
Significance:
Resulted in more fights between Protestants and Catholics
Didn’t really end the war between Spain and France
Huguenots
Definition:
French word for Calvinists
Significance:
Heavily persecuted under the Valois reign
Catherine de Medici
Definition: Wife of King Henri II of France, gave birth to 4 children.
Significance:
Ruled France through her sons
Very very very Catholic b/c she’s from Florence
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
Definition:
Massacre of the Huguenots in France during the wedding between Henry of Navarre and Margaret de Valois
Significance:
Start of religious wars in France
Shows clear opposition towards the Calvinists
Politique
Someone who puts the country before themselves
Examples of politiques
Henry of Navarre, Cardinal Richelieu, Queen Elizabeth I
Henry IV
Definition: Born to the Protestant family of the Bourbons, became the King of France through his wife
Significance:
Enacted the Treaty of Nantes, giving religious toleration towards all types of Christians
Converted to Catholicism to secure the French crown + stop warfare
POLITIQUE
Phillip II
Definition: Inherited Spain and the Dutch Netherlands through his father, Charles V.
Significance:
Tried to manage Protestant reform
Led the Spanish Armada
Pacification of Ghent
Definition:
A treaty that aimed to unify the northern and southern provinces of the Netherlands against Spanish rule, asserting their autonomy and seeking religious tolerance.
Significance:
The treaty marked a moment of unity among the Dutch provinces, both Protestant and Catholic, against the oppressive policies of the Spanish crown.
Beginning of the Netherlands gaining independence from Spain
Union of Utrecht
Definition:
A group of Protestant states within the Spanish Empire that tried to secede from Spain
Significance:
Laid the foundation for the union of the Dutch Republic later
Resolved Spanish succession problems
United Provinces
Group of protestant states that broke apart from Spanish rule
Witch Hunts
Definition: The search for a witch, typically leading in execution
Significance:
Led to the development of new legal systems
frequently intertwined with religious conflicts, such as the Reformation and Counter-Reformation. They provided a means to target perceived heretics and enemies of the state or church.
Gender Roles in Witch Hunts
Typically women were targeted in witch hunts because
1) Perceived as "weaker” and more likely to “give into the devil”
2) Easier to extract information from women
Legal Changes
Originally accusers would be held accountable if the case was false
Later, people could just accuse without being reprimanded
Great Chain of Being
Definition:
Social hierarchy
King → Clergy → Noble → Peasant
Significance:
Played a major part with social roles
Patriarchy in Family
Definition: Father rules the family, everyone else after him
Significance:
Fathers would often be abusive and use this social standard to defend themselves
Little Ice Age
Period of low temperature in Europe
Food shortages
Food price went up
Bread Riots
Definition: Little Ice age made it more difficult to harvest wheat, resulting the price of bread to increase, causing riots
Significance:
Women starting to lead riots
Led to more riots around Europe
Moral Economy
Definition: Inspired by the Bread Riots, some economists believed that the community should control competition, prices, and profits
Significance:
More equality in transactions
Thirty Year’s War
Definition: A war fought in the HRE as a result of tensions after the Peace of Augsburg, resulting in some religious tensions
Significance:
Other nations got involved
Let the Dutch Netherlands free
Gustavos Adolphus
Individual who led the Protestants during the 30 Year’s War
Significance:
Helped change the tide from the Catholics to the Protestants
Cardinal Richelieu
Catholic Cardinal from France
Helped French monarch centralize power
Despite being Catholic, he supported the Protestants in the HRE primarily for land reasons → became a politique
Peace of Westphalia
Definition: Treaty ending the 30 Year’s war and the END OF PERIOD 1 IN EURO
Significance:
Ended the 30 Year’s War
Gave freedom to German princes to choose their own religion
Dutch Netherlands became free!
Created new ideas of sovereignty
Fiscal Military State
Definition: A form of state building that advocated for a more centralized state
Significance:
Creation of standing armies
Greater taxation
more wars!
Baroque Art
Definition: Art style that was used for state consolidation and counter-Reformation
Characteristics:
Often times religious
Huge difference between light and dark
Geometry
Portrays the wealthy
Bernini
Baroque sculptor who created Saint Teresa in Ecstasy
Aided with Counter Reformation
Rubens
Roman Catholic painter of “Prometheus Bound”
Bach
Baroque composer, Fugues + Polyphony + Counterpoint
Note 
Flashcard (102)