Biology Notes for Q2

Cell Transport

The movement of substances across the cell membrane.

Diffusion

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equilibrium is reached.

Osmosis

The diffusion of water.

Diffusion Gradients

Higher solute concentration.

Passive Transport

The movement of substances across a cell membrane without the need for energy.

Simple Diffusion

The process by which particles spread out from a high concentration area to a low concentration area.

Facilitated Diffusion

A type of passive transport where substances move across cell membranes with the help of special transport proteins.

Active Transport

The process where cells use energy to move substances against a concentration gradient, from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.

Sodium-Potassium Pump

Active transport that uses ATP and pumps sodium and potassium ions against their diffusion gradients.

Bulk Transport

A cell's way of moving large items in or out of the cell.

Exocytosis

A biological process where cells expel molecules out of the cell.

Endocytosis

A biological process where a cell absorbs molecules from the outside by engulfing them.

Phagocytosis

The process that forms a phagosome.

Pinocytosis

A process where cells engulf liquids or small particles from the surrounding environment.

Receptor-mediated transport

Transport that only begins when a specific molecule makes contact.

Energy Metabolism

The process by which living cells obtain energy and use it to perform various functions.

Heterotroph

An organism that cannot produce its own food.

Autotroph

An organism that can create its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemicals.

Respiration

The process by which organisms convert oxygen into energy, with carbon dioxide as a byproduct.

Glycolysis

The process of breaking down glucose to produce energy.

Link Reaction

A process where the cell changes pyruvate (from glucose) into a new molecule called Acetyl CoA.

Krebs Cycle

Cells generate energy from Acetyl CoA.

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Moving electrons through proteins and using the energy released in this process to form ATP.

Photosynthesis

The process plants and other organisms use to convert sunlight into energy, with oxygen as a byproduct.

Light Dependent Reactions

Light energy converted into chemical energy, producing oxygen, ATP, and NADPH.

Photon Absorption

Taking in of photons.

Electron Transport

Process where electrons move through proteins in the chloroplast.

Water Splitting

Water molecules split into hydrogen, electrons, and oxygen.

ATP and NADPH Production.

Calvin Cycle

Process where plants take carbon dioxide from the air and transform it into sugars, using energy stored from sunlight.

Carbon Fixation

Plants grabbing carbon dioxide from the air and attaching it to larger molecules.

Reduction

Charging up 3-PGA.

Release of one molecule of G3P

This happens when half a glucose is made.

Regeneration of RuBP

Enzymatic reactions transform molecules into RuBP.

Asexual Reproduction

One parent making offspring without mating or sex cells.

Binary Fission

When a single cell divides into two equal parts to create two new cells.

DNA Replication

DNA copies itself before the cell divides.

Segregation

Duplicated DNA moves to the opposite side of the cell.

Cytokinesis

Physical process of cell division.

Multiple Fission

A single parent cell divides into many daughter cells simultaneously.

Cell Enlargement

Parent cell increases in size.

Nuclear Division

Nucleus divides multiple times, creating several nuclei.

Release of Spores

Parent cell ruptures and releases cells.

Budding

Organism grows out of parent organism and detaches as an individual.

Bud Formation

Process where a new organism develops from a bud, growing on the parent organism.

Separation

New cell separates from parent cell.

Fragmentation

A type of asexual reproduction where an organism is split into fragments.

Mitosis

How cells make copies of themselves.

Prophase

DNA forms into chromosomes and the nuclear membrane disappears.

Prometaphase

Nucleus fully disappears and spindle fibers attach to chromosomes.

Metaphase

Chromosomes align in the center of the cell.

Anaphase

Chromosomes split apart and go to opposite sides of the cell.

Telophase

New nuclear membranes enc