Biology Notes for Q2

Cell Transport- the movement of substances across the cell membrane

Diffusion-movement of particles from a area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equilibrium is reached

Osmosis- Diffusion of water

Diffusion Gradients- higher solute concentration

Passive transport- movement of substances across a cell membrane without the need for energy

Simple Diffusion- the process by which particles spread out from a high concentration area to a low concentration area

Facilitated Diffusion- a type of passive transport where substances move across cell membranes with the help of special transport proteins

Active Transport- the process where cells use energy to move substances against a concentration gradient, from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration

Sodium-Potassium Pump- active transport that uses ATP and pumps sodium and potassium ions against their diffusion gradients

Bulk Transport- a cell’s way of moving large items in or out of the cell

Exocytosis- a biological process where cells expel molecules out of the cell

Endocytosis- a biological process where a cell absorbs molecules form the outside by engulfing them

Phagocytosis- the process that forms a phagosome

Pinocytosis- a process where cells engulf liquids or small particles from the surrounding environment

Receptor mediated transport- transport that only beings when a specific molecule makes contact

Energy Metabolism-the process by which living cells obtain energy and use it to perform various functions

Heterotroph- an organism that cannot produce its own food

Autotroph- an organism that can create its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemicals

Respiration- process by which organisms convert oxygen into energy, with carbon dioxide as a byproduct

Steps:

  1. Glycolysis- the process of breaking down glucose to produce energy
  2. Link Reaction-a process where the cell changes pyruvate (from glucose) into a new molecule called Acetyl CoA.
  3. Krebs Cycle- cells generate energy from Acetyl CoA
  4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)- moving electrons through proteins and using the energy released in this process to form ATP

Photosynthesis- the process plants and other organisms use to convert sunlight into energy, with oxygen as a byproduct

Steps:

  1. Light Dependent Reactions- light energy converted into chemical energy, producing oxygen, ATP, and NADPH
  2. Photon Absorption- taking in of photons
  3. Election Transport- process where electrons move through proteins in the chloroplast
  4. Water splitting- water molecules split into hydrogen, elections, and oxygen
  5. ATP and NADPH Production-

2. Calvin Cycle- process where plants take carbon dioxide from the air and transform it into sugars, using energy stored from sunlight.

  1. Carbon Fixation- plants grabbing carbon dioxide from the air and attaching it to larger molecules
  2. Reduction- charging up 3-PGA
  3. Release of one molecule of G3P- This happens when half a glucose is made
  4. Regeneration of RuBP- enzymatic reactions transform molecules into RuBP

Asexual Reproduction- one parent making offspring without mating or sex cells

Binary Fission- when a single cell divides into two equal parts to create two new cells

  1. DNA Replication- DNA copies itself before the cell divides
  2. Segregation- Duplicated DNA moves to the opposite side of the cell
  3. Cytokinesis- physical process of cell division

Multiple Fission- a single parent cell divides into many daughter cells simultaneously

  1. Cell Enlargement- parent cell increases in size
  2. Nuclear Division- nucleus divides multiple times, creating several nuclei
  3. Cytokinesis- physical process of cell division
  4. Formation of Spores- New cells are enclosed within a thick wall
  5. Release of Spores- parent cell ruptures and releases cells

Budding- organism grows out of parent organism and detaches as an individual

  1. Bud Formation- process where a new organism develops from a bud, growing on the parent organism
  2. Cell Enlargement- parent cell increases in size
  3. Nuclear Division- nucleus divides multiple times, creating several nuclei
  4. Separation- new cell separates from parent cell

Fragmentation- a type of asexual reproduction where an organism is split into fragments

Mitosis-how cells make copies of themselves

Phases:

Prophase- DNA forms into chromosomes and the nuclear membrane disappears

Prometaphase- Nucleus fully disappears and spindle fibers attach to chromosomes

Metaphase- chromosomes align in the center of the cell

Anaphase-chromosomes split apart and go to opposite sides of the cell

Telophase- new nuclear membranes enclose each set of chromosomes (forming two nuclei) and the chromosomes uncoil into thread like forms

Biological Kingdoms

Archaea (Ancient Bacteria)- prokaryotic single celled organisms

Eubacteria (True Bacteria)- prokaryotic single celled organisms

Protista (Protists)- eukaryotic single and multicellular organisms

Fungi- unicellular or multicellular eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophic

Plante (Green Plants)- eukaryotic multicellular autotrophs

Animalia (Animals)- multicellular eukaryotes that are highly mobile and heterotrophic

Other Terms

ATP(Adenosine Triphosphate)- main energy source for cells

Phagosome- waste management team

Pyruvate- a kind of fuel for the cell

Glucose (C6H12O6)- simple sugar

Acetyl CoA (Acetyl Coenzyme A)- delivery system in the cells

NADPH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate)- a vital molecule that helps convert light into energy in plants and protects cells from damage.

PGA (Phosphoglyceric Acid)- the first stable product created when plants convert carbon dioxide into energy

G3P (Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate)- final product used to make sugars

RuBP (Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate)-helps plants absorb carbon dioxide

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)- blueprint for all living organisms or the fundamental instruction manual for life

Chromosome- a package for carrying DNA in an organized manner

Nucleus- brain of the cell where all vital information is stored and managed

Membranes- protective barrier of the cell that regulates what enters and exits

Eukaryotes- complex-cell organisms with a structured cell system

Prokaryotes- single celled organisms that lack a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)- helps the cell to function properly

Cell- smallest structure of an organism that can perform all of life’s necessary functions