Paper 1, Prescribed Subject 2: Conquest and its Impact The final stages of Muslim rule in the Iberian peninsula

Almoravid & Almohad

Berber dynasties from Morocco advocating stricter Islamic ideals conflicting with Spanish Muslim culture and attempting to unite the taifa kingdoms against Christian advances.

Américo Castro

A Spanish historian (1885–1972) who coined the term conviviencia to describe the coexistence of Christians, Muslims, and Jews in medieval Spain.

Al-Andalus

The Muslim-ruled parts of the Iberian Peninsula from 711 to 1492.

Berber

Indigenous North African peoples notably involved in the 711 Muslim conquest of Iberia.

Boabdil

The last Muslim ruler of Granada (Mohammed XII), known for his surrendering Granada in 1492, leading to his exile.

Caliphate of Cordoba

A golden age of Islamic rule in Al-Andalus (929–1031), marking advances in scholarship but leading to fragmentation against Christian expansion.

Convivencia

Refers to coexistence among Muslims, Christians, and Jews in medieval Spain, highlighting interactions in culture and ideas.

Dhimma & Dhimmi

A legal framework providing protections to Jews and Christians under Muslim rule, requiring payment of the jizya tax.

Henry Kamen

A British historian (b. 1936) reinterpreting Spanish history, emphasizing its multicultural aspects.

Iberian Peninsula

The geographic area including modern Spain and Portugal, historically significant for its diverse cultures.

Jizya

A tax on non-Muslims under Islamic rule reflecting both protection and social hierarchy.

Málaga

A significant city in Spain, besieged in 1487 by Isabella and Ferdinand, known for its resilient Muslim populace.

Moors

A broad term for Muslims from North Africa in medieval Europe, encompassing various ethnic groups.

Mozarab

Christians living under Muslim rule who adopted Arabic cultural elements.

Nasrid Dynasty

The Muslim dynasty governing Granada until 1492.

Pogrom

A violent attack against minority groups, particularly applicable to historical violence against Jews in Spain.

Taifas

Independent Muslim kingdoms in Iberia post-Cordoba Caliphate, known for cultural achievements despite political fragmentation.

Tariq ibn Ziyad

The Berber general who led the 711 Muslim invasion of Iberia.

Urban II

The pope who initiated the First Crusade in 1095, impacting Christian and Muslim dynamics.

Vandals

A Germanic tribe in Iberia post-Rome, believed to influence the naming of Al-Andalus.

Visigoths

A Germanic group establishing a kingdom in Iberia from the 5th century until the Muslim conquest.