Paper 1, Prescribed Subject 2: Conquest and its Impact The final stages of Muslim rule in the Iberian peninsula

Almoravid & Almohad: Berber dynasties from Morocco advocating stricter Islamic ideals conflicting with Spanish Muslim culture and attempting to unite the taifa kingdoms against Christian advances.

Américo Castro: A Spanish historian (1885–1972) who coined the term convivencia to describe the coexistence of Christians, Muslims, and Jews in medieval Spain, arguing this interaction fueled Spain's cultural flourishing. His work, though groundbreaking, faced criticism for idealizing these relations amidst Spain's civil war.

Al-Andalus: The Muslim-ruled parts of the Iberian Peninsula from 711 to 1492.

Berber: Indigenous North African peoples, notably involved in the 711 Muslim conquest of Iberia. Boabdil: The last Muslim ruler of Granada (Mohammed XII), known for his failed attempts at military action against Castile and for surrendering Granada in 1492, leading to his exile. Caliphate of Cordoba: A golden age of Islamic rule in Al-Andalus (929–1031), initiated by Abd al-Rahman III, marking advances in scholarship and political consolidation but leading to fragmentation and vulnerability against Christian expansion.

Convivencia: Refers to coexistence among Muslims, Christians, and Jews in medieval Spain, highlighting interactions in culture and ideas, though debated regarding the realities of peaceful coexistence.

Dhimma & Dhimmi: A legal framework providing protections to Jews and Christians under Muslim rule, requiring respect for Islamic laws and payment of the jizya tax, representing a complex tolerance narrative amid institutional inequalities.

Henry Kamen: A British historian (b. 1936) reinterpreting Spanish history, emphasizing its multicultural aspects while questioning the idealization of convivencia.

Iberian Peninsula: The geographic area including modern Spain and Portugal, historically significant for its diverse cultures and strategic position between Europe and Africa.

Jizya: A tax on non-Muslims under Islamic rule reflecting both protection and social hierarchy. Málaga: A significant city in Spain, besieged in 1487 by Isabella and Ferdinand, with a resilient Muslim populace which ultimately faced severe repercussions.

Moors: A broad term for Muslims from North Africa in medieval Europe, which encompassed various ethnic and cultural groups.

Mozarab: Christians living under Muslim rule who adopted Arabic cultural elements.

Nasrid Dynasty: The Muslim dynasty governing Granada until 1492.

Pogrom: A violent attack against minority groups, particularly applicable to historical violence against Jews in Spain.

Taifas: Independent Muslim kingdoms in Iberia post-Cordoba Caliphate, known for cultural achievements despite political fragmentation, making them vulnerable to Christian reconquest. Tariq ibn Ziyad: The Berber general who led the 711 Muslim invasion of Iberia, initiating centuries of Muslim presence.

Urban II: The pope who initiated the First Crusade in 1095, impacting Christian and Muslim dynamics, including in Spain.

Vandals: A Germanic tribe in Iberia post-Rome, believed to influence the naming of Al-Andalus. Visigoths: A Germanic group establishing a kingdom in Iberia from the 5th century until the Muslim conquest.