Chapter 1-10

Reciprocity

Involves the exchange of goods and services and is rooted in a mutual sense of obligation and identity.

Three kinds of reciprocity

Generalized ; Balanced; Negative

Generalized Reciprocity

When we gift without expecting a return

Balanced Reciprocity

Direct exchange in which something is expected to return

Negative Reciprocity

Attempts to get something for nothing

State society

depends on the local communities and tribute is collected by the ruling class rather that exchange or reinvested

Production; Exchange; Consumption

Three distinct phases of Economic activity

Exchange

How these goods are distributed among people

Production

Transforming nature and raw materials into the material goods that are useful for humans

Consumption

How goods are used

Redistribution

An authority of some type collects economic contributions from all community members then redistributes these back in the form of goods and services

Labor

Separated by gender and age

Domestic (Kinordered); Tributary; Capitalist

Three distinct mode of Production

Domestic/Kinordered

Organizes work on the basis of family relations and does not involve formal social domination over people.

Dominant units of production

Communities organized around kinship relation

Normative theory

Specifies how people should act if they want to make efficient economic decisions

Bohannans

Concluded that the cultural conception of exchange has significant material implications for people’s lives

Economic Anthropology

Study of how humans work to obtain the material necessities; Encompasses the production, exchange, consumption, meaning and uses of both material objects and immaterial services

* Market exchange; Reciprocity; Redistribution

Three distinct wat to integrate economic. social relations, and material goods

Market exchange

Forms of trade that commonly involves general purpose money. bargaining, supply, and demand mechanisms

Tributary

Primary producer pays tribute in the form of material goods or labor to another who controls production through political, religious, or military force

Capitalist/Capitalism

Economic system based on private property owned by a capitalist class

Homo Economicus

a person who would make rational decisions in ways predicted by economic theories

Modes of production

social relations through which human labour is used to transform energy from nature using tools, skills, organization, and knowledge

Means of production

Resources used to produces goods in a society such as land for farming or factories

Economics

Focused primarily on market exchange and business oriented interactions in the market place

People know what they want; Economic choices express these wants; Their wants are defined by their culture

General assumption of Economists

Culture

Kinship relations are determined by

Private property

Owned by members of capitalist class

Ithaca Hours

Contemporary complementary currency system develop to promote self-reliant and sustainable local economy; Created deeper connections among community members and support locally owned business

Not being limited to specific economic arenas and not based on moral hierarchy of valued, instead it is designed to complement and support existing monetary system

Difference between Ithaca Hours from Tiv Spheres

Tiv Spheres of exchange

Traditional economic system that involved three distinct economic arenas, each with its own form of money and wealth wars converted upwards through the spheres of exchange

Labor and Land

Excluded from the Tiv Spheres

Locally produced yams, vegetables, chicken and household utensils; Slaves cattle white cloth and metal bars; Marriageable females

Three distinct economic arenas of Tiv Spheres

General purpose money

Medium of exchange that can be used in all economic transactions

Structural violence

Limits opportunities for individuals in countries

Political Economy

Investigates the historical evolution of economic relationships as well as the contemporary political processes and social structures that contribute to difference in income and wealth

Money

What creates inequalities and obliterating qualitative differences

Rivalry potlatches

emerged due to sudden demographic changes caused by diseases, leading to several potential successors vying for the chieftainship

Meditation

Maintain local harmony and peach in both tribal and state-level societies

Tribal societies

use sodalities or system that encourage solidarity to unite people across family groups

Leopard skin chief

Example of a mediator in tribal societies

Tribal wars

Range from short to long term feuds where the responsibility to avenge rests within the entire kin group

Sanggai festival

youth of age 15 or 16 to observe additional restrictions during seclusion in the forest

Proletarianization

Process through which farmers are removed from the land and forces to take wage labor employment

Affinal link

Family relationships created through marriage

Band; Tribe; Chiefdom; State

4 levels of socio-cultural integration from smallest to largest

State

Most complex central government with monopoly on legitimate force

Band

Smallest unit of political organization and lack leadership

Chiefdom-level political organization

are large political units in which the chief, who usually is determined by hereditary holds a formal position of power

rank/category Ranked

substantial differences in the wealth and social status of individuals based on how closely related they are to the chief (Chiefdom)

 rank/category Stratified

limited number of positions of power or status, and only a few can occupy them (State)

redistribution in which goods and services flow from the population at large to the central authority represented by the chief

Political Chiefdoms are accompanied by

As with tribal societies, marriage provides?

a framework for encouraging social cohesion

Modesty

An important trait in Band societies

Few families and a shifting population (less than 100 people) - people move in or out but keep moving

Band group is organized as what?

Not sufficient to maintain solidarity and cohesion in the larger population

The families ties of Tribes unite members of a band are not?

Big man of NEw Guinea who acquires followers by doing favors

An example of a headman in a band or tribe is

Office

The position of the chief is

rank/category Egalitarian

No great difference in status or power between individuals and there are as many valued status positions in the societies as there are persons able to fill them (Band or tribe)

Tribes

Which levels of socio-cultural integration engages more in warfare

Man and Office

Two concepts of Chief

a permanent political status that demands a successor when the current chief dies

What does the position of a Chief “office” mean"?

Potlach

Ceremonies observed major events like births, deaths and the installment of a new Chief

Marriage

Most tribal societies involve

systems of codified laws

What do Tribal societies lack?

Family groups in tribal societies by creating allies among different families, marrying cousins to one another and discharging kin-based obligations

What does marriages integrate?

Supernatural forces

No one witnesses an offence, or when an account is deemed unreliable, what do tribal societies rely on

Tribal wars

Range from short to long term feuds where the responsibility to avenge rests within the entire kin group

Egalitarian; Ranked; Stratified

3 types of political integration can be further categorized

Circumscription

Enclosure of an area by geographic features such as mountain ranges

Sumptuary rules

Norms that permit persons of higher rank to enjoy greater social status by wearing distinctive clothing and accessories

Dalits

Were born into jobs considered polluting to other castes and involves working with dead animals

Positive reinforcement

Rewards for compliances with the laws of a society

Negative Reinforcements

Punishments for noncompliance through fines, imprisonment, and or death

Tiriki of Kenya

Complex age based tribal society where men cycle through age grades over the course of their lifetime

Power

Ability to induce behavior of others in specified ways by means of coercion or threat of physical force

Age set

Named categories to which men of certain age are assigned at birth

Age grade

Groups of men who are close to another in age and share similar duties

Caste system

Division of society into hierarchical levels

Nation

Ethnic population

State

Political institution

Patrilineal

Kinship family that recognizes only through line of male ancestors

Patrilateral parallel cousin marriage

A man marries his Father’s brother’s daughter

Matrilineal

Kinship family that recognizes only through line of female ancestors

Materteral Cross cousin

A man marries his Mother’s brother’s Daughter

Bilateral cross cousin

Woman who is a man’s mother’s brother’s daughter and man’s father’s sister’s daughter

Bilateral Descent

Kinship system that recognizes both the mothers and fathers side of the family

Poro and Sande

Secret societies for men and women found among the Mande-speaking people

Raids

Short term use of physical force and planned to achieve limited objective

Restricted exchange

Marriage system in which only two extended families can engage in this exchange

Reverse dominance

Societies in which people reject attempts by any individual to exercise power

Segmentary lineage

Hierarchy of lineages that contains both close and relatively distant family members

Sodality

System used to encourage solidarity or feelings of connectedness between people who are not related

Unilineal descent

Kinship system that recognizes only ones sex based side of the family

Power and Authority

Two main forces political anthro is concerned with

Authority

The ability to induce behavior of others by persuasion

Serial Monogamy

it is only culturally acceptable to be married to one spouse at a time.

Polygamous family

multiple wives or, in rarer cases, multiple husbands

Nayar of Southern India

a matrilineal society where men and women did not live together after marriage