Studied by 7 people
Reciprocity
Involves the exchange of goods and services and is rooted in a mutual sense of obligation and identity.
Three kinds of reciprocity
Generalized ; Balanced; Negative
Generalized Reciprocity
When we gift without expecting a return
Balanced Reciprocity
Direct exchange in which something is expected to return
Negative Reciprocity
Attempts to get something for nothing
State society
depends on the local communities and tribute is collected by the ruling class rather that exchange or reinvested
Production; Exchange; Consumption
Three distinct phases of Economic activity
Exchange
How these goods are distributed among people
Production
Transforming nature and raw materials into the material goods that are useful for humans
Consumption
How goods are used
Redistribution
An authority of some type collects economic contributions from all community members then redistributes these back in the form of goods and services
Labor
Separated by gender and age
Domestic (Kinordered); Tributary; Capitalist
Three distinct mode of Production
Domestic/Kinordered
Organizes work on the basis of family relations and does not involve formal social domination over people.
Dominant units of production
Communities organized around kinship relation
Normative theory
Specifies how people should act if they want to make efficient economic decisions
Bohannans
Concluded that the cultural conception of exchange has significant material implications for people’s lives
Economic Anthropology
Study of how humans work to obtain the material necessities; Encompasses the production, exchange, consumption, meaning and uses of both material objects and immaterial services
Market exchange; Reciprocity; Redistribution
Three distinct wat to integrate economic. social relations, and material goods
Market exchange
Forms of trade that commonly involves general purpose money. bargaining, supply, and demand mechanisms
Tributary
Primary producer pays tribute in the form of material goods or labor to another who controls production through political, religious, or military force
Capitalist/Capitalism
Economic system based on private property owned by a capitalist class
Homo Economicus
a person who would make rational decisions in ways predicted by economic theories
Modes of production
social relations through which human labour is used to transform energy from nature using tools, skills, organization, and knowledge
Means of production
Resources used to produces goods in a society such as land for farming or factories
Economics
Focused primarily on market exchange and business oriented interactions in the market place
People know what they want; Economic choices express these wants; Their wants are defined by their culture
General assumption of Economists
Culture
Kinship relations are determined by
Private property
Owned by members of capitalist class
Ithaca Hours
Contemporary complementary currency system develop to promote self-reliant and sustainable local economy; Created deeper connections among community members and support locally owned business
Not being limited to specific economic arenas and not based on moral hierarchy of valued, instead it is designed to complement and support existing monetary system
Difference between Ithaca Hours from Tiv Spheres
Tiv Spheres of exchange
Traditional economic system that involved three distinct economic arenas, each with its own form of money and wealth wars converted upwards through the spheres of exchange
Labor and Land
Excluded from the Tiv Spheres
Locally produced yams, vegetables, chicken and household utensils; Slaves cattle white cloth and metal bars; Marriageable females
Three distinct economic arenas of Tiv Spheres
General purpose money
Medium of exchange that can be used in all economic transactions
Structural violence
Limits opportunities for individuals in countries
Political Economy
Investigates the historical evolution of economic relationships as well as the contemporary political processes and social structures that contribute to difference in income and wealth
Money
What creates inequalities and obliterating qualitative differences
Rivalry potlatches
emerged due to sudden demographic changes caused by diseases, leading to several potential successors vying for the chieftainship
Meditation
Maintain local harmony and peach in both tribal and state-level societies
Tribal societies
use sodalities or system that encourage solidarity to unite people across family groups
Leopard skin chief
Example of a mediator in tribal societies
Tribal wars
Range from short to long term feuds where the responsibility to avenge rests within the entire kin group
Sanggai festival
youth of age 15 or 16 to observe additional restrictions during seclusion in the forest
Proletarianization
Process through which farmers are removed from the land and forces to take wage labor employment
Affinal link
Family relationships created through marriage
Band; Tribe; Chiefdom; State
4 levels of socio-cultural integration from smallest to largest
State
Most complex central government with monopoly on legitimate force
Band
Smallest unit of political organization and lack leadership
Chiefdom-level political organization
are large political units in which the chief, who usually is determined by hereditary holds a formal position of power
rank/category Ranked
substantial differences in the wealth and social status of individuals based on how closely related they are to the chief (Chiefdom)
rank/category Stratified
limited number of positions of power or status, and only a few can occupy them (State)
redistribution in which goods and services flow from the population at large to the central authority represented by the chief
Political Chiefdoms are accompanied by
As with tribal societies, marriage provides?
a framework for encouraging social cohesion
Modesty
An important trait in Band societies
Few families and a shifting population (less than 100 people) - people move in or out but keep moving
Band group is organized as what?
Not sufficient to maintain solidarity and cohesion in the larger population
The families ties of Tribes unite members of a band are not?
Big man of NEw Guinea who acquires followers by doing favors
An example of a headman in a band or tribe is
Office
The position of the chief is
rank/category Egalitarian
No great difference in status or power between individuals and there are as many valued status positions in the societies as there are persons able to fill them (Band or tribe)
Tribes
Which levels of socio-cultural integration engages more in warfare
Man and Office
Two concepts of Chief
a permanent political status that demands a successor when the current chief dies
What does the position of a Chief “office” mean"?
Potlach
Ceremonies observed major events like births, deaths and the installment of a new Chief
Marriage
Most tribal societies involve
systems of codified laws
What do Tribal societies lack?
Family groups in tribal societies by creating allies among different families, marrying cousins to one another and discharging kin-based obligations
What does marriages integrate?
Supernatural forces
No one witnesses an offence, or when an account is deemed unreliable, what do tribal societies rely on
Tribal wars
Range from short to long term feuds where the responsibility to avenge rests within the entire kin group
Egalitarian; Ranked; Stratified
3 types of political integration can be further categorized
Circumscription
Enclosure of an area by geographic features such as mountain ranges
Sumptuary rules
Norms that permit persons of higher rank to enjoy greater social status by wearing distinctive clothing and accessories
Dalits
Were born into jobs considered polluting to other castes and involves working with dead animals
Positive reinforcement
Rewards for compliances with the laws of a society
Negative Reinforcements
Punishments for noncompliance through fines, imprisonment, and or death
Tiriki of Kenya
Complex age based tribal society where men cycle through age grades over the course of their lifetime
Power
Ability to induce behavior of others in specified ways by means of coercion or threat of physical force
Age set
Named categories to which men of certain age are assigned at birth
Age grade
Groups of men who are close to another in age and share similar duties
Caste system
Division of society into hierarchical levels
Nation
Ethnic population
State
Political institution
Patrilineal
Kinship family that recognizes only through line of male ancestors
Patrilateral parallel cousin marriage
A man marries his Father’s brother’s daughter
Matrilineal
Kinship family that recognizes only through line of female ancestors
Materteral Cross cousin
A man marries his Mother’s brother’s Daughter
Bilateral cross cousin
Woman who is a man’s mother’s brother’s daughter and man’s father’s sister’s daughter
Bilateral Descent
Kinship system that recognizes both the mothers and fathers side of the family
Poro and Sande
Secret societies for men and women found among the Mande-speaking people
Raids
Short term use of physical force and planned to achieve limited objective
Restricted exchange
Marriage system in which only two extended families can engage in this exchange
Reverse dominance
Societies in which people reject attempts by any individual to exercise power
Segmentary lineage
Hierarchy of lineages that contains both close and relatively distant family members
Sodality
System used to encourage solidarity or feelings of connectedness between people who are not related
Unilineal descent
Kinship system that recognizes only ones sex based side of the family
Power and Authority
Two main forces political anthro is concerned with
Authority
The ability to induce behavior of others by persuasion
Serial Monogamy
it is only culturally acceptable to be married to one spouse at a time.
Polygamous family
multiple wives or, in rarer cases, multiple husbands
Nayar of Southern India
a matrilineal society where men and women did not live together after marriage
Note
Flashcard