Chapter 1-10

Chapter 6

  • Reciprocity - Involves the exchange of goods and services and is rooted in a mutual sense of obligation and identity.
    • Three kinds of reciprocity
    • Generalized - When we gift without expecting a return
    • Balances - Direct exchange in which something is expected to return
    • Negative - Attempts to get something for nothing
  • State society - depends on the local communities and tribute is collected by the ruling class rather that exchange or reinvested.
  • Exchange - How these goods are distributed among people
  • Redistribution - An authority of some type collects economic contributions from all community members then redistributes these back in the form of goods and services.
  • Labor - Separated by gender and age
  • Domestic/Kinordered - Organizes work on the basis of family relations and does not involve formal social domination over people.
  • Consumption - How goods are used
  • Dominant units of production = Communities organized around kinship relation
  • Normative theory - Specifies how people should act if they want to make efficient economic decisions.
  • Bohannans - Concluded that the cultural conception of exchange has significant material implications for people’s lives
  • Economic Anthropology - Study of how humans work to obtain the material necessities; Encompasses the production, exchange, consumption, meaning and uses of both material objects and immaterial services
  • Market exchange - Forms of trade that commonly involves general purpose money. bargaining, supply, and demand mechanisms
  • Capitalism - Economic system based on private property owned by a capitalist class
  • Homo Economicus - a person who would make rational decisions in ways predicted by economic theories
  • Modes of production - social relations through which human labour is used to transform energy from nature using tools, skills, organization, and knowledge
  • Means of production - Resources used to produces goods in a society such as land for farming or factories
  • Three distinct phases of Economic activity
    • Production; Exchange; Consumption
  • Economics - Focused primarily on market exchange and business oriented interactions in the market place
    • General assumption
    • People know what they want
    • Economic choices express these wants
    • Their wants are defined by their culture
  • Three distinct mode of Production
    • Domestic (Kinordered);
    • Involves Forages and small sustenance farmers
    • Tributary - Primary producer pays tribute in the form of material goods or labor to another who controls production through political, religious, or military force
    • Capitalist
  • Culture - Kinship relations are determined by
  • Private property - Owned by members of capitalist class
  • Three distinct wat to integrate economic. social relations, and material goods
    • Market exchange
    • reciprocity
    • Redistribution
  • Ithaca Hours - Contemporary complementary currency system develop to promote self-reliant and sustainable local economy
    • Created deeper connections among community members and support locally owned business
    • Difference between Tiv Spheres
    • Not being limited to specific economic arenas and not based on moral hierarchy of valued, instead it is designed to complement and support existing monetary system
  • Tiv Spheres of exchange - Traditional economic system that involved three distinct economic arenas, each with its own form of money and wealth wars converted upwards through the spheres of exchange
    • Labor and land - Excluded from the Tiv Spheres
    • Three distinct economic arenas

     1. Locally produced yams, vegetables, chicken and household utensils 2. Slaves cattle white cloth and metal bars 3. Marriageable females

  • General purpose money - Medium of exchange that can be used in all economic transactions
  • Structural violence - Limits opportunities for individuals in countries
  • Political Economy - Investigates the historical evolution of economic relationships as well as the contemporary political processes and social structures that contribute to difference in income and wealth
  • Money creates inequalities and obliterating qualitative differences

Chapter 7

  • Rivalry potlatches - emerged due to sudden demographic changes caused by diseases, leading to several potential successors vying for the chieftainship.
  • Meditation - Maintain local harmony and peach in both tribal and state-level societies
  • Tribal societies - use sodalities or system that encourage solidarity to unite people across family groups
    • Leopard skin chief - Example of a mediator in tribal societies
    • Tribal wars - Range from short to long term feuds where the responsibility to avenge rests within the entire kin group
  • Sanggai festival - youth of age 15 or 16 to observe additional restrictions during seclusion in the forest
  • Proletarianization - Process through which farmers are removed from the land and forces to take wage labor employment
  • Affinal link - Family relationships created through marriage
  • State - Most complex central government with monopoly on legitimate force
  • Egalitarian societies - Bands or tribes and lack of government of centralized leadership
    • No great difference in status or power between individuals
  • Circumscription - Enclosure of an area by geographic features such as mountain ranges
  • Sumptuary rules - Norms that permit persons of higher rank to enjoy greater social status by wearing distinctive clothing and accessories
  • Dalits - Were born into jobs considered polluting to other castes and involves working with dead animals
  • Chiefdom - Large political units in which the chief is determined by heredity
  • Big man - Of new Guinea is an example of a leader who acquires followers by doing favors that can not be repaid
  • Positive reinforcement - Rewards for compliances with the laws of a society
  • Negative Reinforcements - Punishments for noncompliance through fines, imprisonment, and or death
  • Tribe - Large populations consisting of family ties and fluid or shifting systems of temporary leadership (No centralized leader)
  • Tribal societies - Do not have formal systems of codified law of law enforcement
    • More structured than bands ranging from 100 to 5000 people
    • Tiriki of Kenya - Complex age based tribal society where men cycle through age grades over the course of their lifetime
  • Power - Ability to induce behavior of others in specified ways by means of coercion or threat of physical force
  • Band - Smallest unit of political organization
    • Foragers, Nomadic, Lack of leadership
  • Age set - Named categories to which men of certain age are assigned at birth
  • Age grade - Groups of men who are close to another in age and share similar duties
  • Ranked societies - Involve greater differentiation between individuals and the kin groups to which they belong
  • Stratified societies - Defined as one in which elites who are numerical minority control the strategic resources that sustain life
  • Caste system - Division of society into hierarchical levels
  • Nation - Ethnic population
  • State - Political institution
  • Stratified - Societies in which there are large differences in wealth , status, and power of individuals
  • Patrilineal - Kinship family that recognizes only through line of male ancestors
    • Patrilateral parallel cousin marriage - Father’s brother’s daughter
  • Matrilineal - Kinship family that recognizes only through line of female ancestors
    • Materteral Cross cousin - Mother’s brother’s Daughter
  • Bilateral cross cousin - Woman who is a man’s mother’s brother’s daughter and man’s father’s sister’s daughter
  • Bilateral Descent - Kinship system that recognizes both the mothers and fathers side of the family
  • Poro and Sande - Secret societies for men and women found among the Mande-speaking people
  • Raids - Short term use of physical force and planned to achieve limited objective
  • Restricted exchange - Marriage system in which only two extended families can engage in this exchange
  • Reverse dominance - Societies in which people reject attempts by any individual to exercise power
  • Segmentary lineage - Hierarchy of lineages that contains both close and relatively distant family members
  • Sodality - System used to encourage solidarity or feelings of connectedness between people who are not related
  • Unilineal descent - Kinship system that recognizes only ones sex based side of the family
  • Power and Authority - Two main forces political anthro is concerned with

Chapter 8

  • Serial Monogamy - it is only culturally acceptable to be married to one spouse at a time.
  • Polygamous family - multiple wives or, in rarer cases, multiple husbands.
  • Nayar of Southern India - a matrilineal society where men and women did not live together after marriage.
  • Navajo Kinship - children are “born for” their father’s families but “born to” their mother’s families, the clan to which they belong primarily
  • Adoptive Parents - an example of "chosen kin“
    • considered family despite not being related by blood or marriage.
  • Kinship - refers to the culturally recognized ties between family members, which include blood connections (consanguineal) and marriage ties (affinal)
  • Dowry - gifts given by a brides family to the grooms family; from the bride’s family to the groom’s family before marriage
  • Bride wealth - gifts given from a grooms family to the bridge’s family before marriage.
  • Exogamy - a term describing expectations that individuals must marry outside a particular group
  • Endogamy - a term describing expectations that individuals must marry within a \n particular group.
  • Family - smallest group of individuals who see themselves as connected to one another.
  • Ego - Specific person as a starting point in a family tree (Kinship diagram)
    • Triangle - Male representative in a family tree (Kinship diagram)
    • Circle - Female representative in a family tree (Kinship diagram)
  • Non-conjugal - a single parent with dependent children, because of the death of one spouse or divorce or because a marriage never occurred
  • Family - smallest group of individuals who see themselves as connected to one another
    • Extended family - Family of at least three-generations sharing a household
    • Stem family - A version of an extended family that includes an older couple and one of their adult children with a spouse (or spouses) and children
    • Joint family - is a very large extended family that includes multiple generations
  • Family of orientation - family in which a person is raised
  • Family of procreation - new household for raising children (for new couples)
  • AvUNCOLocal - Married individuals live with an uncle
  • Clan - a group of people who have a general notion of common descent that is not attached to a specific biological ancestor.
  • Levirate - the practice of a woman marrying one of her deceased husband’s brothers
  • Matrilocal residence - married individuals live with the wife’s mother’s family
  • Neolocal residence - newly married individuals establish a household separate from other family members (Goal of a family of procreation)
  • Bilocal or Ambilocal - a couple may live with either the husband’s or wife’s family after marriage (Two locations)
  • Patrilocal residence - married individuals live with the husband’s father’s family
    • Another common pattern around the world for Post-Marital Residence
  • PolyANDRY - marriages with one wife and multiple husbands. (remember, one wife + many Andrews)
  • PolyGYNY - marriages in which there is one husband and multiple wives. (remember, one husband + many Ginnies)
  • Sororate marriage - the practice of a man marrying the sister of his deceased wife.
  • What is the traditional mode of production of the Kucong (or Koo Cong) who live in the mountains of Koo Loo, and how is it characterized? (film question)
    • Hunting and gathering
    • They were nomadic
    • It was pretty Egalitarian
  • Families can be categorized into types based on a kinship system. What are they?
    • Patrilineal Descent - a kinship group created through the paternal line
    • Matrilineal Descent
    • Bilateral Descent
  • Men and women did not live together after marriage - Example of a kinship system
  • Eskimo system - Kinship system that most americans follow
    • a name that comes from the old way of referring to the Inuit, an indigenous people of the Arctic
  • Chinese kinship - Families distinguished terminologically between mother’s side and father’s side with different names for grandparents as well as aunts, uncles, and in-laws
  • United States kinship - according to the principles of bilateral descent, as discussed above, and do not show a preference for one side of their family or the other
  • Hopi, Navajo (Dine) in the southwest and the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) tribes in the Great Lakes Region - groups of Native Americans practice matrilocal
  • Why has the government sought to resettle the Kucong and into which types of settings? (film question) - to modernize and “civilize” these groups and put them in settled locations

Chapter 9

Japan - based on citizenship and nationality, with little emphasis on ethnicity or ancestry.

Nonconcordant - genetic traits that are inherited independently rather than as a package.

Cline - Differences in the traits that occur in population

3 social philosophies

  • Multiculturalism - celebrates, respects, and maintains cultural differences\
  • Amalgamation - promotes the blending of different cultures into a new hybridized identity
  • Assimilation - Demands that minority groups abandon their cultural identities and adopt those of mainstream society

Race - Contested social construct based on physical and cultural traits that categorizes groups of humans, reflecting society's attitudes and beliefs about human differences

Whiteness - where various immigrant groups were once targets of racist beliefs and discrimination but later became considered "white”

Acculturation - Loss of a groups cultural distinctiveness

Clinical distribution - gradual variation in traits across a geographic area

Ethnogenesis - gradual emergence of new ethnicities in response to changing social circumstances

Pigmentocracy - a society characterized by strong correlation between a person’s skin color and their social class.

Hypodescent - racial classification system that assigns a person with mixed racial heritage to the racial category that is considered least privileged

Jim Crow - a term used to describe laws passed by state and local governments in the United States during the early twentieth century to enforce racial segregation of public and private places

Pigmentocracy - a society characterized by strong correlation between a persons skin color and their social class

Symbolic Ethnicity - which is the limited or occasional display of ethnic pride and identity that is primarily expressive for public display rather than a major component of one's daily social life

Vitamin D - Plays a role in color evolution

Ethnicity - Claims a distinct identity based on cultural characteristics and shared ancestry; Degree in which a person identifies with a particular ethnic group

One-drop rule - the practice of excluding a person with any non- white ancestry from the white racial category

US - race has traditionally been rigidly constructed, with racial categories seen as discrete and mutually exclusive

Social race - used by some sociologists and anthropologists to emphasize the cultural and arbitrary roots of race

Lighter skin - Favored in the natural selection when humans settled away from the equator to enable production of vitamin D

Darker skin - Advantageous in tropical environments

Racial formation - where social, economic, and political forces determine the content and importance of racial categories;

White privilege - a basic feature of race in the US, with Peggy McIntosh identifying more than two dozen unearned benefits and advantages associated with being a "white" person

Chapter 10

Androgyny - cultural definitions of gender that recognize some gender differentiation, but also accept "gender bending "and role- crossing according to individual capacities and preferences.

Patrilocal - a male- centered kinship group where living arrangements after marriage often center around households containing related men.****

Matrilocal - a woman- centered kinship group where living arrangements after marriage often center around households containing related women

Dyads - two people in a socially approved pairing.

Cisgender - a term used to describe those who identify with the sex and gender they were assigned at birth

Trans - falls within the "third "gender category- individuals who self- identify as a different gender than either their biological sex

Matrifocal - groups of related females (i.e., mother- her sisters- their offspring) form the core of the family and constitute the familys most central and enduring social and emotional ties

Patrifocal - groups of related males form the core of the family and constitute the familys most central and enduring social and emotional ties

Heteronormativity - a term coined by French philosopher Michel Foucault to refer to the often- unnoticed system of rights and privileges that accompany normative sexual choices and family formation

Gender - the set of culturally and historically invented beliefs

Binary model of gender - cultural definitions of gender that include only two identities-male and female

Biologic sex - refers to male and female internal and external sex organs and chromosomes

Biological determinism - a theory that biological differences between males and females lead to fundamentally different capacities, preferences, and gendered behaviors

Legitimizing ideologies - a set of complex belief systems, often developed by those in power, to rationalize, explain, and perpetuate systems of inequality

Third gender - a gender identity that exists in non-binary gender systems offering one or more gender roles separate from male or female

In large, stratified societies - men dominate the public sphere while women are associated with the domestic sphere

Honor killings - girls or women are killed if suspicions of dishonorable sexual behaviors arise

Candomblé - Afro-Brazilian spirit possession religion centered in the state of Bahia, with female spiritual leaders; matriarchal community in which \n women held all the power

Happy to Bleed - A movement in India which aims to change negative attitudes about menstruation and eliminate the ban on menstruating-age women entering the famous Sabriamala Temple in Kerala.

Few ways in which women navigate “male” spaces - Adopting routes, behavior (avoiding eye contact), and/or clothing that create separation

Purdah - the separation or segregation of women from men, literally means “veiling,” although other devices can be used