Chapter 6

• Reciprocity - Involves the exchange of goods and services and is rooted in a mutual sense of obligation and identity.

  • Three kinds of reciprocity

    • Generalized - When we gift without expecting a return

    • Balances - Direct exchange in which something is expected to return

    • Negative - Attempts to get something for nothing

• State society - depends on the local communities and tribute is collected by the ruling class rather that exchange or reinvested.

• Exchange - How these goods are distributed among people

• Redistribution - An authority of some type collects economic contributions from all community members then redistributes these back in the form of goods and services.

• Labor - Separated by gender and age

• Domestic/Kinordered - Organizes work on the basis of family relations and does not involve formal social domination over people.

• Consumption - How goods are used

• Dominant units of production = Communities organized around kinship relation

• Normative theory - Specifies how people should act if they want to make efficient economic decisions.

• Bohannans - Concluded that the cultural conception of exchange has significant material implications for people’s lives

• Economic Anthropology - Study of how humans work to obtain the material necessities; Encompasses the production, exchange, consumption, meaning and uses of both material objects and immaterial services

• Market exchange - Forms of trade that commonly involves general purpose money. bargaining, supply, and demand mechanisms

• Capitalism - Economic system based on private property owned by a capitalist class

• Homo Economicus - a person who would make rational decisions in ways predicted by economic theories

• Modes of production - social relations through which human labour is used to transform energy from nature using tools, skills, organization, and knowledge

• Means of production - Resources used to produces goods in a society such as land for farming or factories

• Three distinct phases of Economic activity

  • Production; Exchange; Consumption

• Economics - Focused primarily on market exchange and business oriented interactions in the market place

  • General assumption

    • People know what they want

    • Economic choices express these wants

    • Their wants are defined by their culture

• Three distinct mode of Production

  • Domestic (Kinordered);

    • Involves Forages and small sustenance farmers

  • Tributary - Primary producer pays tribute in the form of material goods or labor to another who controls production through political, religious, or military force

  • Capitalist

• Culture - Kinship relations are determined by

• Private property - Owned by members of capitalist class

• Three distinct wat to integrate economic. social relations, and material goods

  • Market exchange

  • reciprocity

  • Redistribution

• Ithaca Hours - Contemporary complementary currency system develop to promote self-reliant and sustainable local economy

  • Created deeper connections among community members and support locally owned business

  • Difference between Tiv Spheres

    • Not being limited to specific economic arenas and not based on moral hierarchy of valued, instead it is designed to complement and support existing monetary system

• Tiv Spheres of exchange - Traditional economic system that involved three distinct economic arenas, each with its own form of money and wealth wars converted upwards through the spheres of exchange

  • Labor and land - Excluded from the Tiv Spheres

  • Three distinct economic arenas

    1. Locally produced yams, vegetables, chicken and household utensils

    2. Slaves cattle white cloth and metal bars

    3. Marriageable females

• General purpose money - Medium of exchange that can be used in all economic transactions

• Structural violence - Limits opportunities for individuals in countries

• Political Economy - Investigates the historical evolution of economic relationships as well as the contemporary political processes and social structures that contribute to difference in income and wealth

• Money creates inequalities and obliterating qualitative differences

Chapter 7

• Rivalry potlatches - emerged due to sudden demographic changes caused by diseases, leading to several potential successors vying for the chieftainship.

• Meditation - Maintain local harmony and peach in both tribal and state-level societies

• Tribal societies - use sodalities or system that encourage solidarity to unite people across family groups

  • Leopard skin chief - Example of a mediator in tribal societies

  • Tribal wars - Range from short to long term feuds where the responsibility to avenge rests within the entire kin group

• Sanggai festival - youth of age 15 or 16 to observe additional restrictions during seclusion in the forest

• Proletarianization - Process through which farmers are removed from the land and forces to take wage labor employment

• Affinal link - Family relationships created through marriage

• State - Most complex central government with monopoly on legitimate force

• Egalitarian societies - Bands or tribes and lack of government of centralized leadership

  • No great difference in status or power between individuals

• Circumscription - Enclosure of an area by geographic features such as mountain ranges

• Sumptuary rules - Norms that permit persons of higher rank to enjoy greater social status by wearing distinctive clothing and accessories

• Dalits - Were born into jobs considered polluting to other castes and involves working with dead animals

• Chiefdom - Large political units in which the chief is determined by heredity

• Big man - Of new Guinea is an example of a leader who acquires followers by doing favors that can not be repaid

• Positive reinforcement - Rewards for compliances with the laws of a society

• Negative Reinforcements - Punishments for noncompliance through fines, imprisonment, and or death

• Tribe - Large populations consisting of family ties and fluid or shifting systems of temporary leadership (No centralized leader)

• Tribal societies - Do not have formal systems of codified law of law enforcement

  • More structured than bands ranging from 100 to 5000 people

  • Tiriki of Kenya - Complex age based tribal society where men cycle through age grades over the course of their lifetime

• Power - Ability to induce behavior of others in specified ways by means of coercion or threat of physical force

• Band - Smallest unit of political organization

  • Foragers, Nomadic, Lack of leadership

• Age set - Named categories to which men of certain age are assigned at birth

• Age grade - Groups of men who are close to another in age and share similar duties

• Ranked societies - Involve greater differentiation between individuals and the kin groups to which they belong

• Stratified societies - Defined as one in which elites who are numerical minority control the strategic resources that sustain life

• Caste system - Division of society into hierarchical levels

• Nation - Ethnic population

• State - Political institution

• Stratified - Societies in which there are large differences in wealth , status, and power of individuals

• Patrilineal - Kinship family that recognizes only through line of male ancestors

  • Patrilateral parallel cousin marriage - Father’s brother’s daughter

• Matrilineal - Kinship family that recognizes only through line of female ancestors

  • Materteral Cross cousin - Mother’s brother’s Daughter

• Bilateral cross cousin - Woman who is a man’s mother’s brother’s daughter and man’s father’s sister’s daughter

• Bilateral Descent - Kinship system that recognizes both the mothers and fathers side of the family

• Poro and Sande - Secret societies for men and women found among the Mande-speaking people

• Raids - Short term use of physical force and planned to achieve limited objective

• Restricted exchange - Marriage system in which only two extended families can engage in this exchange

• Reverse dominance - Societies in which people reject attempts by any individual to exercise power

• Segmentary lineage - Hierarchy of lineages that contains both close and relatively distant family members

• Sodality - System used to encourage solidarity or feelings of connectedness between people who are not related

• Unilineal descent - Kinship system that recognizes only ones sex based side of the family

• Power and Authority - Two main forces political anthro is concerned with

Chapter 8

• Serial Monogamy - it is only culturally acceptable to be married to one spouse at a time.

• Polygamous family - multiple wives or, in rarer cases, multiple husbands.

• Nayar of Southern India - a matrilineal society where men and women did not live together after marriage.

• Navajo Kinship - children are “born for” their father’s families but “born to” their mother’s families, the clan to which they belong primarily

• Adoptive Parents - an example of "chosen kin“

  • considered family despite not being related by blood or marriage.

• Kinship - refers to the culturally recognized ties between family members, which include blood connections (consanguineal) and marriage ties (affinal)

• Dowry - gifts given by a brides family to the grooms family; from the bride’s family to the groom’s family before marriage

• Bride wealth - gifts given from a grooms family to the bridge’s family before marriage.

• Exogamy - a term describing expectations that individuals must marry outside a particular group

• Endogamy - a term describing expectations that individuals must marry within a
  particular group.

• Family - smallest group of individuals who see themselves as connected to one another.

• Ego - Specific person as a starting point in a family tree (Kinship diagram)

  • Triangle - Male representative in a family tree (Kinship diagram)

  • Circle - Female representative in a family tree (Kinship diagram)

• Non-conjugal - a single parent with dependent children, because of the death of one spouse or divorce or because a marriage never occurred

• Family - smallest group of individuals who see themselves as connected to one another

  • Extended family - Family of at least three-generations sharing a household

  • Stem family - A version of an extended family that includes an older couple and one of their adult children with a spouse (or spouses) and children

  • Joint family - is a very large extended family that includes multiple generations

• Family of orientation - family in which a person is raised

• Family of procreation - new household for raising children (for new couples)

• AvUNCOLocal - Married individuals live with an uncle

• Clan - a group of people who have a general notion of common descent that is not attached to a specific biological ancestor.

• Levirate - the practice of a woman marrying one of her deceased husband’s brothers

• Matrilocal residence - married individuals live with the wife’s mother’s family

• Neolocal residence - newly married individuals establish a household separate from other family members (Goal of a family of procreation)

• Bilocal or Ambilocal - a couple may live with either the husband’s or wife’s family after marriage (Two locations)

• Patrilocal residence - married individuals live with the husband’s father’s family

  • Another common pattern around the world for Post-Marital Residence

• PolyANDRY - marriages with one wife and multiple husbands. (remember, one wife + many Andrews)

• PolyGYNY - marriages in which there is one husband and multiple wives. (remember, one husband + many Ginnies)

• Sororate marriage - the practice of a man marrying the sister of his deceased wife.

• What is the traditional mode of production of the Kucong (or Koo Cong) who live in the mountains of Koo Loo, and how is it characterized? (film question)

  • Hunting and gathering

  • They were nomadic

  • It was pretty Egalitarian

• Families can be categorized into types based on a kinship system. What are they?

  • Patrilineal Descent - a kinship group created through the paternal line

  • Matrilineal Descent

  • Bilateral Descent

• Men and women did not live together after marriage - Example of a kinship system

• Eskimo system - Kinship system that most americans follow

  • a name that comes from the old way of referring to the Inuit, an indigenous people of the Arctic

• Chinese kinship - Families distinguished terminologically between mother’s side and father’s side with different names for grandparents as well as aunts, uncles, and in-laws

• United States kinship - according to the principles of bilateral descent, as discussed above, and do not show a preference for one side of their family or the other

• Hopi, Navajo (Dine) in the southwest and the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) tribes in the Great Lakes Region - groups of Native Americans practice matrilocal

• Why has the government sought to resettle the Kucong and into which types of settings? (film question) - to modernize and “civilize” these groups and put them in settled locations

Chapter 9

Japan - based on citizenship and nationality, with little emphasis on ethnicity or ancestry.

Nonconcordant - genetic traits that are inherited independently rather than as a package.

Cline - Differences in the traits that occur in population

3 social philosophies

• Multiculturalism - celebrates, respects, and maintains cultural differences\

• Amalgamation - promotes the blending of different cultures into a new hybridized identity

• Assimilation - Demands that minority groups abandon their cultural identities and adopt those of mainstream society

Race - Contested social construct based on physical and cultural traits that categorizes groups of humans, reflecting society's attitudes and beliefs about human differences

Whiteness - where various immigrant groups were once targets of racist beliefs and discrimination but later became considered "white”

Acculturation - Loss of a groups cultural distinctiveness

Clinical distribution - gradual variation in traits across a geographic area

Ethnogenesis - gradual emergence of new ethnicities in response to changing social circumstances

Pigmentocracy - a society characterized by strong correlation between a person’s skin color and their social class.

Hypodescent - racial classification system that assigns a person with mixed racial heritage to the racial category that is considered least privileged

Jim Crow - a term used to describe laws passed by state and local governments in the United States during the early twentieth century to enforce racial segregation of public and private places

Pigmentocracy - a society characterized by strong correlation between a persons skin color and their social class

Symbolic Ethnicity - which is the limited or occasional display of ethnic pride and identity that is primarily expressive for public display rather than a major component of one's daily social life

Vitamin D - Plays a role in color evolution

Ethnicity - Claims a distinct identity based on cultural characteristics and shared ancestry; Degree in which a person identifies with a particular ethnic group

One-drop rule - the practice of excluding a person with any non- white ancestry from the white racial category

US - race has traditionally been rigidly constructed, with racial categories seen as discrete and mutually exclusive

Social race - used by some sociologists and anthropologists to emphasize the cultural and arbitrary roots of race

Lighter skin - Favored in the natural selection when humans settled away from the equator to enable production of vitamin D

Darker skin - Advantageous in tropical environments

Racial formation - where social, economic, and political forces determine the content and importance of racial categories;

White privilege - a basic feature of race in the US, with Peggy McIntosh identifying more than two dozen unearned benefits and advantages associated with being a "white" person

Chapter 10

Androgyny - cultural definitions of gender that recognize some gender differentiation, but also accept "gender bending "and role- crossing according to individual capacities and preferences.

Patrilocal - a male- centered kinship group where living arrangements after marriage often center around households containing related men.****

Matrilocal - a woman- centered kinship group where living arrangements after marriage often center around households containing related women

Dyads - two people in a socially approved pairing.

Cisgender - a term used to describe those who identify with the sex and gender they were assigned at birth

Trans - falls within the "third "gender category- individuals who self- identify as a different gender than either their biological sex

Matrifocal - groups of related females (i.e., mother- her sisters- their offspring) form the core of the family and constitute the familys most central and enduring social and emotional ties

Patrifocal - groups of related males form the core of the family and constitute the familys most central and enduring social and emotional ties

Heteronormativity - a term coined by French philosopher Michel Foucault to refer to the often- unnoticed system of rights and privileges that accompany normative sexual choices and family formation

Gender - the set of culturally and historically invented beliefs

Binary model of gender - cultural definitions of gender that include only two identities-male and female

Biologic sex - refers to male and female internal and external sex organs and chromosomes

Biological determinism - a theory that biological differences between males and females lead to fundamentally different capacities, preferences, and gendered behaviors

Legitimizing ideologies - a set of complex belief systems, often developed by those in power, to rationalize, explain, and perpetuate systems of inequality

Third gender - a gender identity that exists in non-binary gender systems offering one or more gender roles separate from male or female

In large, stratified societies - men dominate the public sphere while women are associated with the domestic sphere

Honor killings - girls or women are killed if suspicions of dishonorable sexual behaviors arise

Candomblé - Afro-Brazilian spirit possession religion centered in the state of Bahia, with female spiritual leaders; matriarchal community in which
women held all the power

Happy to Bleed - A movement in India which aims to change negative attitudes about menstruation and eliminate the ban on menstruating-age women entering the famous Sabriamala Temple in Kerala.

Few ways in which women navigate “male” spaces - Adopting routes, behavior (avoiding eye contact), and/or clothing that create separation

Purdah - the separation or segregation of women from men, literally means “veiling,” although other devices can be used