A&P Final Exam

hormone: stimulates the thyroid

TSH- anterior pituitary

hormone: makes milk

prolactin-anterior pituitary

hormone: cause the adrenal cortex to release hormone

ACTH- anterior pituitary

Hormone: causes growth in muscle and skeleton. has a major effect on bones and muscle and cartilage

Growth Hormone- Anterior Pituitary

hormone: this regulates the BMR

T3 and T4- thyroid

Hormone: increases blood calcium levels Effects skeleton, kidneys, intestines Parathyroid Hormone- parathyroid

Parathyroid Hormone- parathyroid

Hormone: blood formation in children and women and bone growth

Androgens- adrenal Cortex

hormone: rest and digest

norepinephrine adrenal medulla

Hormone: decreases blood glucose levels

insulin- pancreas

conducting action potentials

Controls and coordinates heartbeat
depolarization Calcium

Neutrophils

First WBCs to respond to tissue damage, Numbers rise in chronic bacterial infection

Basophils

-Pro-inflammatory
-Release histamine which dilates blood vessels to increase blood flow
-Release heparin which inhibits clot formationMast cells do the same job with inflammation

Monocytes

largest WBCs
Once in tissue they are called macrophages

B lymphocytes

humoral immunity- something else in the fluid is killing

4 things that platelets cause to happen in homeostatis

- cause prolonged vascular spasms
- attract other platelets and facilitate their degranulation (positive feedback)
- procoagulants stimulate coagulation
- mitosis stimulating substance trigger repair of blood vessel

autoregulation vs nervous regulation vs endocrine regualtion

auto: inside the tissue
nervous: fast and short acting
endocrine: slower and longer lasting

air flow pathway

external naris, nasal conchae, internal naris, naso, oro, laryngo, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

urine/filtrate pathway

bowmans capsule, PCT, descending loop, ascending loop, DCT, collecting duct, renal papilla, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra

pathway of sperm

testis, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra

where does fluid move during dehydration

out of cell into blood

where does fluid move when hydrated

from the blood into cell

hypotonic hydration can lead to

water intoxication

baroreceptors alert the brain of

increase in blood volume and pressure
- afferent arterioles dilate
- glomerular filtration rate increases
- Na+ and water output increase

ADH

reduce loss of water in urine

electrolytes

have greater osmotic power than non-electrolytes
- many contribute to fluid shift

ANP

makes us pee more

chemical buffer system

rapid; first line of defense

respiratory system

acts within minutes

renal mechanisms

most potent
- need hours to days to effect pH change

how do we change pH through breathing

breathing rate

kidneys are used to change

pH

difference between strong acid and weak acid

strong acid: break apart
weak acid: doesn't break
(acid-base reactions)

causes respiratory acidosis

hypoventilation

causes metabolic alkalosis

vomiting

urethra is found in the way of penis

corpus spongiosum

spermatogenic cells

produce sperm

dartos

smooth muscle in dermis that elevates testis

Spermatogenesis vs spermiogenesis

Spermatogenesis: making spermatid
spermiogenesis: maturing sperm

sperm head

- nucleus with 23 chromosomes
- acrosome: holds enzymes to help sperm penetrate an egg

frutose

nourishes sperm and seminal vesicles

seminal plasmin

antibiotic that combats urinary tract infection and prostate gland

PSA

enzyme that liquifies semen following ejaculation and prostate gland

alveoli

produce milk in lactating women

lactiferous sinus

where milk is stored

vestibule

narrow space between the labia minora openings for urethra and vagina

uterine parts from the ovary

fimbriae, infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, and intramural

where does fertilization occur

ampulla

endometrium

line interior of uterus
- shed during period

myometrium

smooth muscle

cause ovulation on day 14

LSH and Fh

follicular phase

in a follicle pre

menstrual phase

occurs in response to low estrogen and progesterone levels

proliferative phase

stimulated by estrogen produced by the developing follicles ends at ovulation

maturation of sperm in women reproductive tract

capacitation

human chronic gonadotropin

- Signals reproductive system that implantation occurred
(maintenance of corpus luteum)

- Detected in urine by end of 2nd week

- Basis of most pregnancy tests

ectoderm

-epidermis
-nervous system

amnion

thin membrane surrounding embyro, containing amniotic fluid

placenta

chorion of the embryo and the endometrium of the uterus form the placenta

second stage of labor

baby delivered

hormone: long term stress hormone

cortisol-adrenal cortex

hormone: fight or flight

epinephrine- adrenal medulla

hormone: increase blood glucose

glucagon- pancreas

pathway of blood through heart

right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, body, vena cava

contractile action potenial

-produce contractions that propel blood refectory period

-repolarization potassium plateau

-calcium is coming in K leaving

-depolarization sodium

cardiac cycle

atrial systole is followed by ventricular systole

eosinophils

attack parasitic worms

lymphocytes

provide specific immunity

T-lymphocytes

cell mediated immunity

natural killer cells

immunological surveillance

factors affecting ESV

-preload
-contractility
-afterload

virus in mouth question

- first line: trap the virus with mucosal membrane. its also is psychical barrier with the skin. we secrete substances the bacteria. we also have nonpathogenic flora. It can get destroyed by the HCL in the stomachMucus will trap it Sallow cough spitting and having epithelial tissue that it cant get through
- second line: It keeps virus form keeping copies, It attracts natural killer cells and it attracts macrophages then the macrophages present it the specific immunity fever so you are more efficient
- third line: macrophages present virus to lymphocytes t cause apoptosis and b create antibodies

artery vs vein vs lymph

- Arteries have thicker walls and higher blood pressure- Artery has a has small, round lumen, while a vein has a large, flat lumen- Vein lining contracts, artery lining does noto Artery lining folds- Arteries are more elastic- Veins have valves
- Has all three tunics- Has valves in extremities- skeletal muscle pump & respiratory pump move lymph

B cells and T Cells?

both adaptive. and both made in red blood cells. t cells are matured in the thymus. cytotoxic t cell- Cd8 and MCH1. helper cd4 and mch 2. b cell make antibodies and present to t cells for second activation. presents on MHC 2.

food flow path

mouth, oro, laryngo, esophagus, lower esophageal sphincter, stomach, pyloric sphincter, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ileocecal valve, cecum, ascending colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum.

Respiration question

- Ventilation- air gets in and out of the lungs.
- External respiration- gas exchange from lungs and the blood.
- Internal respiration is gas exchange from the blood and the tissues
- muscles: external intercostals and diaphragm
- Boyle's Law: pressure and volume are inversely related. Increase volume pressure drops
(explains ventilation)
- Dalton's Law: partial pressure of each gas is directly related to its concentration in the mixture (explains external and internal respiration)
- Henry's Laws: amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid also depends upon its solubility (explain external and internal respiration)

Draw a nephron & label what the parts do

who has the highest body water content

babies
- being in fluid for 9 months

who has a higher matter content males or females

males

most water is lost through

kidneys and skin

most of the water in body is held in

intercellular

water intoxication

a lot of osmosis and lead to cell swelling

edema

swelling because increase fluid or faulty valves

aldosterone

reduces loss of water in urine

atrial natriuretic peptide

increase loss of water in urine

three ways we make acid

- Phosphoric acid from breakdown of phosphorus-containing proteins (nucleic acid metabolism)

- Lactic acid from anaerobic respiration of glucose

- Fatty acids and ketone bodies from fat metabolism

chemical buffer

- acts quickly
- composed of weak base and weak acid

protein buffer

within cells and the blood protein they are amphoteric act as acids or bases

phosphate buffer system

within cells

bicarbonate buffer system

- within ECF, particularly blood
- it is extracellular and has a bicarbonate reserve

normal blood pH range

7.35-7.45

what fixes respiratory acidosis

renal

What causes respiratory alkalosis

hyperventilation

what fixes respiratory alkalosis

renal

What causes metabolic acidosis

loss of bicarbonate due to diarrhea

what fixes metabolic acidosis

respiratory

What fixes metabolic alkalosis

respiratory

Blood pH below 7

depression of CNS --> coma --> death

Blood pH above 7.8

excitation of nervous system --> muscle tetany --> extreme nervousness --> convulsions --> respiratory arrest

sponge erectile tissue, we have two

corpus cavernosa

tunica vaginalis

serous membrane