68-83 External pressures

Decolonisation

• Zambia, Malawi, Botswana and Swaziland remained economically reliant

• Mozambique - FRELIMO (marxists) took power, SA supported rivals RENAMO but failed BUT Nkomati accords ended ANC presence in 1984

• Angola - sided with UNITA agains communist-leaning MPLA → operation savannah (partial invasion), sent 3000 troops BUT US support shrank → withdrew in 1976

• Namibia - UN declared occupation illegal in 1965, ignored (buffer to Angola), fought with SWAPO guerrillas

• Rhodesia - attempted to convince Smith to negotiate with Moderate blacks (failed) → Success of ZANU and ZAPU, re aimed Zimbabwe

International sanctions

• UN motion to expel SA evokes by UK, US and France, UNSC res 418 made arms embargo mandatory

• Economic sanctions inc month-long boycott ofSA good in UK BUT wast saw SA as ally against communism, argued more susceptible to change if remained part of international community, embargoes bypassed by Isreal and Taiwan

• Sanctions grew in 1980s (reduced threat of communism) - 50 US companies 11986, reduced potential growth rate by 10%

Sporting Boycotts

• Banned from al olympics in 1970, 1977 Gleneagles agreement forbade commonwealth from competing against SA

SA

SA