1920s and 1930s Canadian History

Ku Klux Klan

Established in 1921, involves hatred for Roman Catholics, immigrants and minorities. Election in 1929 helped end the KKK with Liberals in Saskatchewan.

Chinese Head Tax

A fixed fee charged to each Chinese person entering Canada established in 1885 and increased use in 20's.

Chinese Exclusion Act

Created in 1923. Only allows Business owners, diplomats and students into Canada.

Japanese Restriction

Canada came to an agreement with Japan to limit their immigrants. BC passes law preventing asian Canadians to own property in certain areas.

What Women in the 1920's asked for

Post secondary degrees, more job opportunities other than teachers, clerks and nurses, be allowed to work after marriage.

Expected of Women in 1920's

Pushed out of jobs to make room for the men back from war and carry traditional roles.

Women Christian Temperance Union

An organization many women joined. Created to call for prohibition, provincial voting and legal rights, sick days and vacation days.

Women in Popular Culture

Wanted equality, received more rights, different image than their mothers.

Pass System

Devised in which Indian agents were supplied with books of passes and permits to leave. Indigenous people were not allowed to leave reserves without permits. Used to also control numbers.

Indian Act

Act created to regulate the lives of the First Nations of Canada, choosing who's Indigenous and not. Banned Powwows, sun dances. Lost status if you graduated college.

Aggressive Assimilation

Canadian Governments attempt to force Indigenous peoples to conform to the social norms of white Canadians.

Intergenerational Trauma

Happens when the effects of trauma are not resolved in one generation, the trauma will be passed from one generation to the next. Chemical change to DNA and risks of health issues.

Physical, Psychological and Sexual Abuse

Indigenous children were abused culturally, and being told that their college was repulsive and savage. Forbidden to practice their own traditions/speak their language.

Indigenous Children roles in Residential Schools

Cleaning, cooking, gardening.

Cultural Genocide

The Canadians systematic destruction of a Indigenous people through Residential Schools.

The Flapper

Young women of the 1920s that behaved and dressed in a radical fashion. Smoking, drinking, partying, dancing, voted, cut hair, etc.

Women In Sports

Began to popularise. In 1928, females debuted at the Olympics.

Women In Politics

Promoted social issues, movement through marches and protests.

Famous Five

Five Alberta women who fought for the political status of women: Emily Murphy, Henrietta Muir Edwards, Luise Mckinney, Irene Poulby, Nellie McClung.

Emily Murphy

In 1916, a first female judge in the British Empire. She is best known for her contributions to Canadian feminism, specifically to the question of whether women were "persons" under Canadian law. Male Lawyers refused to take her case.

British North America Act

Women were not seen as women. Prevented women from taking political positions. In 1921, the Montreal Women Club asked Borden to appoint Emily as a Canadian Senate.

Persons Case

The Supreme Court was asked if the term persons included women. Court ruled women were NOT persons. William Lyon Mackenzie King was elected and supported the famous 5 to become persons. Case was heard by the Pig Council of Britain.

The Result of Persons Case

In 1929, the famous 5 succeeded in having women defined as "persons". Symbolised the right of opportunities and to realise their potential.

Carine Wilson

Canada's first female senator chosen by PM King (Liberal)

Winnipeg General Strike

Lasted about a month. Influenced by WW1. Workers joined unions and union memberships in 1919. Workers were unhappy as they contributed to the war effort and now their rights were stepped on. (Too many workers, not enough jobs and unable to make ends meet) Factories were concerned about profit, not safety.

May 1919 Winnipeg General Strike

Wanted: Higher wages, 44 hours/week instead of 60. The metal trades council wanted to be recognised as a union. Firefighters, clerks, garbage collectors and non-union members left their job on May 1919, 11 am. Within 2 days, over 30,000 workers on strike.

Bloody Saturday

March by the workers was scheduled but the Winnipeg Mayor did not want them to gain support. Mayor read the riot act. Protests were stopped by mounties. 2 people shot and 30 injured. The Strike Committee called off the strike on week later.

One Big Union (OBU)

Union was created after the Western Labour Conference in March 1919 to represent all Canadian workers.

International Craft Union Movement

Fought against the OBU and was supported by the government and aided by federal. Craft Union gives minor benefits. Succeeded when splits appeared between OBU members.

Significance of the Winnipeg General Strike

Did not achieve gains. Sparked more unionist and actionisim. 3 decades after the war, employers began to recognise Canadian worker rights and grant collective bargaining rights.

Political Change after WW1

President Borden resigned due to poor health, naming Arthur Meighan his successor. Liberal leader Mackenzie King and Arthur are constantly arguing.

1920's and Change

Canada was hit with a recession after the war. Meighan could not gain enough support as he was seen as crashing the Winnipeg General Strike, passing the war measures act and forcing conscription. King is elected in 1920.

Mackenzie King

Canadas PM for 22 years. Liberal centralist. Master negotiator and lawyer.

Post Labour Arrest

Caused.by unemployment, inflation, Russian revolution success, wave of strikes and revolutionary Industrial Union.

Prohibition

In 1918, the Government introduces prohibition. Law banning the production, import and transportation of Alcohol.

Prohibition Movement

Led by women suffrage movement and the Women Christian Temperance Movement. Led by Nellie McClung.

Prohibition was created to...

solve social problems such as public drunkness, fighting, cheating (Spread of STDs) and missed days of work.

Canada and Prohibition

Each province introduced prohibition at different times called the Provincial Temperance Acts.

US and Prohibition

Passed the 18th amendment making it country wide

Gaining alcohol illegally

Making it at home called moonshine or bath tub booze. Very dangerous because of the strength and ability to make people blind.

Sleemans & Canadian Club

Bootleg booze that named their name during prohibition.

Doctors New Medicine

Canadian doctors were allowed to prescribe alcohol. Much of the alcohol was sold illegally to the US.

Rum Runners

During Prohibition, smugglers who would smuggle in alcohol by crossing the border from the US to Canada. Drew American mobsters from the profits. Brought gang, murder, the computation of police and governments.

Where the mobsters went

Set up production sites for alcohol. Most famous cities were Hamilton, Windsor, Guelph and Niagara Falls.

Rocco Perri

"King of the Bootleggers"; Italian born crime organiser, interned in an alien camp in WW1. Did not view himself as a criminal. His gang didn't have guns.

Causes of Prohibition

Organised crime grew, cocktails became popular, nightclub was born in the form of speakeasies, normalised men & women drinking together, created the LCBO so the government could regulate alcohol sales.

Good causes of Prohibition

Crime rates dropped, arrests for drunkenness decreased, domestic violence decreased, industrial efficiency improved, fewer days missed at work.

Fads of the 1920's

To escape the horrors during the war. Influenced by the US. Fads were trends and included crosswords, races, dance contests, kissing contests and car rallies.

Radio

Largest form of entertainment. Hockey nights in Canada united the country. By 1929, small radios across Canada. People listed to the news, weather, stories & sports.

Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission

Canada's first public broadcaster

Frank Willis

Persuaded the CRBC to run live reports on a mine collapsing in Nova Scotia, trapping 3 men. Willis reported on the tragedy frequently. Works first live 24 hours news event. 100 million people had tuned in from North America and the US.

Entertainment

Studios turned out silent films. The Talkies were invented- The first movie The Jazz Singer. 900 Movie houses built across Canada.

The Charleston

A dance which was popular, fast and wild. Caught attention of the youth. The rhythm was popularised by a tune called The Charleston.

Group of 7

Emerged after WW1- Canadian Artists who focused their art on Canadian Landscapes.

Emily Carr

Canadian artist heavily inspired by the Indigenous peoples landscapes in BC. Carr received encouragement by the group of 7. 1st Canadian female to receive national recognition for her paintings.

Automobile Industry

Henry Ford perfected the assembly line in order to make a car everyone could afford. Allowed factories to make 1 car/3 minutes. Made car ownership accessible. Created a new industry of day trips, side road restaurants, gas stations, motels, etc. Canadas 2nd largest manufacturer.

The Chanyak Affair 19222

French and BR occupied Turkey. Turkey fought back, defeating Greece and began to advance. BR calls their empires for help. Mackenzie King refused and said it is not their matter. BR and Turks signed a peace agreement.

The Halibut Treaty

A 1923 treaty between Canada and the U.S. to protect halibut along the Pacific Coast; the first treaty negotiated and signed independently by the Canadian government

The King-Byng Crisis 1925-26

King asked Byng to dissolve the government in hopes of getting a majority governement. Byng said no. King resigned and Byng was forced to dissolve parliament because of the Conservative party and their failure to make a new government.

The Statute of Westminster 1931

Conference of BR colonies leading the to the Bulfur Reports: saying BR should no longer make decisions for them. Statue of Westminster was an act of BR parliament recognising its relevancy to make laws for British Dominions.

The Fourteen Points

Woodrow Wilson's post WWI plan, involving open and equal trade, open diplomacy, creation of League of Nations.

Canada & The League of Nations 1919

Agreed of 3 levels for war threatening. Canada joined starting multicultural action.

The Great Depression

Starting with collapse of the stock market in 1929, period of worldwide economic stagnation and depression. Sharp declines in income and production as buying and selling slowed down. Widespread unemployment, countries raised tariffs to protect their industries.

Causes of the Great Depression: Overproduction and expansion

Many companies expanded their factories looking for surpluses, wages were still lower therefore not as many goods purchased. Owners reduced production, and wages and set layoffs.

Causes of the Great Depression: Reliance on Staple Products

Staple products: Wheat, fish, minerals, pulp & paper. Decrease in production, wheat crops decrease due to drought (lack of crop rotation) and created a chain reaction.

The Dirty 30's: The Dust Bowl

Period of drought in the prairies lasted several years. Years over cultivation and poor land and crop rotation management. Top soil became so dry, it was carried away in massive "Black Blizzards,". Could block out the sun.

Dependance On the United States

Canada & the US were trading partners. Both were affected by the Great Depression and international trade dropped by 50%.

High Tariffs

Taxes on imported goods placed on foreign imports to protect Canadian industries = Less trade between nations.

Easy Credit

Many companies & consumers borrowed money to pay for large machinery. By 1929, buying by credit was very common. Many people fell into debt & some lost everything.

The Stock Market

Seen as an easy way to get money. Buying on margin: Individuals bought stock credit and when it went up, people would sell it, pay off the creditors and pocket the profits. The value of stocks dropped making people panic and begin to sell.

The Stock Market Crash

Black Tuesday, Oct 29 1929. Another leading component to the start of the Great Depression. The stock became very popular in the 1920's, then in 1929 in took a steep downturn and many lost their money and hope they had put in to the stock.

Private Relief

Churches and charitable organisations provide food through soup kitchens. Was not enough.

The Dole

Municiplaties provided welfare called The Dole. Receiving the dole was a disgrace. Many believed that you were lazy. Given in vouches for dollar amount of specific item (Ex. 10 cents of butter). You had to be living in municipality for at least 6 months and no material possessions. Unfair because drifters were always on the move looking for work.

Relief Camps

Filled with young single men, stalled their life and were called Riding the Rods for looking for work. Authorities feared these men would turn to anger as work continued to decrease. In hopes of avoiding a revolution, the government set up camps. Had more men than expected.

Location of Relief Camps

Remote Areas ran by the Department of National Defence. Kept out of cities.

Relief Camp Conditions

8 hours a day, 6 days a week building roads, ditches and cutting trees. Received a bed, food, clothing and 20c/day. Called the Royal Twenty Centers.

Relief Camp Feelings

Men were unhappy & depressed. Living in a mixture of a person and camp. Not allowed to vote. Not allowed to leave unless you found jobs.

Relief Camp Regulations

Must be single, male, not living at home, healthy & fit, unemployed, over 18 and a political agitator. You will be given free transportation to the camp. If you leave, you cannot come back. On entering the camp, you will receive free work clothes and hygienic items. a bunk bed and 3 meals a day. Must work 49hrs/week. Be given an allowance of 20c plus 1.3c for tobacco. No unions, or collective bargaining and all complaints must go to the foreman.

Common Complaints of Relief Camps

8hrs/day for 20c, men could not form committees to improve conditions and were denied the right to vote.

On-To-Ottawa Trek 1935

Over a thousand men from the relief camps attempted to go to Ottawa by train to protest against camp conditions. They were stopped in Regina and only the leaders were allowed to go on and meet with Prime Minister Bennett. Bennett was not willing to make any changes. He also ordered the police to break up a group of protestors in Regina. In a violent clash, several hundred protestors were injured, and one policeman was killed. This incident became known as the Regina Riot.

6 Demands of Ottawa Trekkers

Royal Proclamation of 1763

Gave the Canadian gov the responsibility of Indigenous education

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Appeasement

Giving into the demands of a dictator in order to keep the peace

Lebensraum

To acquire "living space" for the German people. Involved taking territory.

Anschluss

The union of Austria with Germany, resulting from the reunion of Austria by the German army in 1938. BR and FR just verbally disciplined Germany. (Appeasement \#1)

Aryan Race

The pure Germanic race, used by the Nazis. Non-Jewish Caucasian typified by height, blonde hair, blue eyes

Nazi

National Socialist German Workers Party. Attacked Jews, Communism and the Treaty of Versailles.

Autarky

Idea that Germany should be economically self-sufficient

Social Dawinism

Aryan race was superior

Fuher

Idea there should be a single leader

Munich Pact

Signed in 1938 between Great Britain, Germany, and France that gave the Sudetenland to Germany; Chamberlain said it guaranteed "peace in our time" Appeasement \#2.

Nazi-Soviet Pact

The secret agreement between Hitler and Stalin to not attack each other in order to delay war and gain territory, Hitler hoped it would scare the western powers and avoid a war on 2 fronts.

Hitler invasion of Poland

Sept 1st 1939. Hitler invaded Poland and BR declared war on Germany 2 days later.

Italian invasion of Abyssinia

Italy attacked Abyssinia with tanks, aircraft's and chemical warfare. Countries condemned Italy with words only. League imposted a boycott on Italian goods.

Japan invasion of Manchuria

The Japanese established a puppet state called Manchukuo, and their occupation lasted until the end of World War II.

Blitzkrieg

"Lighting war", synchronized warfare between land, sea and airforces used by German forces against Poland in 1939

The Athenia

Ship sunk by German U-Boat, brings Canada in the war.

Sitzkrieg

"Phony War" with Hitler in 1939-1940 where Hitler prepared for his attack

Purvitan

Secret German weapon of Blitzkrieg, main ingredient: Meth.