APWKBAT #2

Fascism

A political philosophy characterized by extreme nationalism, authoritarian leadership, and militaristic means to achieve its goals, often suppressing opposition and individual rights.

Benito Mussolini

The leader of the National Fascist Party in Italy, ruling as Prime Minister from 1922 until his ousting in 1943. He employed corporatism and propaganda to maintain power.

Fascist March on Rome 1922

A march in October 1922 by which Mussolini's National Fascist Party came to power in the Kingdom of Italy.

NSDAP (Nazi Party 1921)

The Nazi Party, led by Adolf Hitler, rose to prominence in Germany after the fall of the Weimar Republic. It advocated for German racial purity and expansionist policies.

Adolf Hitler

The dictatorial leader of Nazi Germany, responsible for initiating World War II and the Holocaust.

Lebensraum

Living space; Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire territory in Eastern Europe for the German people.

Beer Hall Putsch 1923

A failed coup attempt in 1923 by Hitler to seize power in Munich. It led to his imprisonment, during which he wrote 'Mein Kampf'.

Mein Kampf

An autobiographical manifesto by Adolf Hitler, published in 1925, outlining his political ideology and future plans for Germany.

Appeasement

A diplomatic policy of making concessions to an aggressive power in order to avoid war, as practiced by Britain and France towards Nazi Germany.

Munich Conference

A conference in 1938 where Britain and France allowed Hitler to annex the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia, populated by 3 million German speakers, in an attempt to appease him.

Axis Powers

The alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II, characterized by fascist or militaristic regimes.

Allied Powers

The alliance of Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the US during World War II, formed to oppose the Axis Powers.

Non-Aggression Pact

A pact signed between the Soviet Union and Germany in 1939, in which the parties agreed to take no military action against each other for the next 10 years.

Operation Barbarossa

The code name for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, marking a turning point in World War II.

Scorched Earth Policy

A military strategy used by the Soviet Union against the German invasion, involving the destruction of anything that could be useful to the enemy.

Battle of Stalingrad

A major battle on the Eastern Front of World War II, where the Soviet Union defeated Nazi Germany, marking a crucial turning point in the war.

Pearl Harbor 1941

A surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service upon the United States against the naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, leading to the US's entry into World War II.

Blitzkrieg

A military tactic designed to create disorganization among enemy forces through the use of mobile armor and firepower.

The Blitz (Battle of Britain)

A sustained aerial bombing campaign by the German Luftwaffe against Britain in 1940, which the British ultimately won.

Fire bombing

A bombing technique designed to damage urban areas by starting fires, resulting in significant civilian casualties.

Atomic Bomb

A highly destructive bomb that uses nuclear fission to create an explosion, capable of destroying an entire city.

Manhattan Project

A research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons.

Bombing on Hiroshima

The US dropped an atomic bomb on this city in Japan during World War II, leading to massive casualties and devastation.

Bombing on Nagasaki

The US dropped an atomic bomb on this city in Japan during World War II, resulting in widespread destruction and casualties.

D-day

The landing operations on June 6, 1944, of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during World War II.

Allied Air Assault

A sustained aerial bombing campaign by the Allies on strategic targets in Germany during World War II.

V-E Day

The date marking the Allied victory in Europe on May 8, 1945, signifying the end of World War II in Europe.

V-J Day

The date marking the Allied victory over Japan on August 15, 1945, effectively ending World War II.

Armenian Genocide

The systematic killing of Armenians by the Ottoman government (Young Turks), who feared they would join enemy forces during World War I.

Holocaust

The systematic extermination of Jewish people by the Nazi regime during World War II, driven by Hitler's aim to purify the German race.

Final Solution

Nazi Germany's plan to systematically exterminate the Jewish population during the Holocaust.

Nuremberg Laws

Laws enacted by Nazi Germany that deprived Jews of their rights and forced them into ghettos and concentration camps like Auschwitz.

Bombing of Dresden

A bombing on the city of Dresden, Germany by British and American forces, causing many casualties and devastation.

Rape of Nanking

An episode of mass murder and mass rape committed by Japanese troops against the residents of Nanjing, then the capital of China, during the Second Sino-Japanese War.

Cold War

A state of hostility that exists between two states chiefly characterized by an ideological struggle rather than open warfare.

Tehran Conference 1943

A meeting where the leaders of the Allied powers discussed military strategy and post-war settlements, focusing on freeing Eastern Europe.

Yalta Conference 1945

A meeting where Allied leaders discussed the reorganization of post-war Europe and plans for peace.

Potsdam Conference 1945

A conference at which Allied leaders negotiated terms for the end of World War II, leading to tensions among participants.

Formation of United Nations 1945

The establishment of an international organization aimed at fostering international cooperation and preventing future conflicts.

Iron Curtain Speech 1946

A speech by Winston Churchill highlighting the division of Europe into Eastern and Western blocs.

Berlin Blockade 1948

An initiative undertaken by the Soviet Union to cut off all road and rail access to West Berlin, leading to the Berlin Airlift.

Berlin Airlift 1948

An operation where Allied forces supplied West Berlin with food and fuel by air during the Soviet blockade.

Marshall Plan

An American initiative that provided over $13 billion in aid to help rebuild Western European economies after the devastation of World War II.

Truman Doctrine

A U.S. policy providing support for countries resisting communism, marking a shift in American foreign policy.

Containment

A geopolitical strategy aimed at preventing the expansion of an enemy, particularly communism, during the Cold War.

Molotov Plan

A Soviet-led initiative to provide economic assistance to Eastern European countries, counteracting the Marshall Plan.

COMECON

The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, an economic organization for Eastern Bloc countries in response to the Marshall Plan.

Atomic bomb

The first nuclear weapon developed during World War II, which had devastating effects when used in warfare.

Arms Race

Competition between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War to develop more powerful weapons.

Domino Theory

The belief that the spread of communism in one country could lead to its spread in neighboring countries.

Mujahideen

Afghan guerrilla fighters who opposed the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan during the 1980s.

NATO 1949

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a military alliance formed between the United States and its Western allies.

Warsaw Pact 1955

A collective defense treaty among the Soviet Union and its Eastern Bloc satellite states to counter NATO.

Non-Aligned Movement

A coalition of states that sought to remain independent and avoid alignment with major power blocs during the Cold War.

Self-determination

The principle that nations have the right to freely determine their political status and pursue their economic, social, and cultural development.

Kwame Nkrumah

The first president of Ghana and a leading figure in the Pan-African movement advocating for African independence.

Kuomintang

The Nationalist Party of China, which played a significant role in China's history, especially during the early 20th century.

Great Leap Forward

An economic campaign initiated by the Chinese Communist Party aimed at rapidly transforming China into a socialist society through collectivization.

Tiananmen Square

A historical site in Beijing where pro-democracy protests took place in 1989, resulting in a violent government crackdown.

Mohandas Gandhi

A leader in the Indian independence movement who advocated for nonviolent resistance against British rule.

Homespun Movement

A campaign led by Gandhi promoting self-reliance through the boycott of British textiles and the revival of domestic production.

Salt March

A nonviolent protest led by Gandhi in 1930 against British salt taxes, culminating in the illegal production of salt.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

The founder of Pakistan and leader of the All-India Muslim League, advocating for Muslim nationalism.

Indian Partition of 1947

The division of British India into two independent dominions, India and Pakistan, based on religious lines.

Kwame Nkrumah

The first president of Ghana who played a prominent role in advocating for the decolonization of Africa.

Algerian War

A conflict between France and Algerian independence movements, marked by violent resistance against French colonial rule.

Apartheid

A system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination enforced in South Africa from 1948 to the early 1990s.

Nelson Mandela

An anti-apartheid revolutionary who became South Africa's first Black president, known for his efforts to promote reconciliation.

Gamal Abdel Nasser

The second President of Egypt known for his efforts to nationalize the Suez Canal and promote Arab nationalism.

Pan-Arabism

An ideology advocating for the political and cultural unity of Arab countries.

Radios

Devices that facilitated international communication and business by transmitting information across distances.

Shipping containers

Standardized large containers designed to be transported on ships, trucks, or trains efficiently.

Antibiotics

Medicinal substances used to treat bacterial infections and have revolutionized modern medicine.

Birth control

Methods or devices used to prevent pregnancy, significantly impacting global fertility rates.

Vaccines

Biological preparations that provide immunity against infections, greatly reducing the prevalence of diseases.

Green Revolution

Agricultural transformation aimed at increasing food production through improved technology and practices.

Malaria

A mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by parasites, prevalent in tropical regions.

Tuberculosis

A contagious bacterial infection primarily affecting the lungs, spread through the air.

Cholera

A bacterial infection spread through contaminated water or food, causing severe diarrhea and dehydration.

Polio

An infectious viral disease that can cause paralysis, particularly affecting children.

HIV/AIDS

A viral infection that weakens the immune system, transmitted through body fluids.

Antiretroviral drugs

Medications used to manage HIV infection and prevent progression to AIDS.

Ebola

A severe viral hemorrhagic fever caused by the Ebola virus, with high mortality rates.

Heart disease

A range of conditions affecting the heart, often linked to lifestyle and genetics.

Alzheimer’s disease

A progressive neurological disorder that leads to memory loss and cognitive decline.

Deforestation

The clearance of trees and forests, often resulting in loss of biodiversity.

Desertification

The process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought and improper land use.

Green Party

A political party focused on environmental issues and sustainability.

Global warming

The long-term rise in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities.

Economic liberalization

The reduction of government restrictions and regulations in the economy.

Knowledge economy

An economy driven by the production and management of knowledge and information.

NAFTA

The North American Free Trade Agreement, which facilitated trade between the US, Canada, and Mexico.

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

An international treaty aimed at reducing tariffs and promoting trade among member countries.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

A foundational document adopted by the United Nations affirming the rights and freedoms of all individuals.

UN

The United Nations, an intergovernmental organization founded to promote peace and cooperation.

Liberation theology

A movement within the Catholic Church that seeks to address social injustice and empower the poor.

Civil Rights Act

A landmark piece of legislation that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

Voting Rights Act

A landmark piece of federal legislation prohibiting racial discrimination in voting.