Movements

What was the 1869-1870 Red River Resistance?

Canadian surveyors bought land from Metis people without permission

1869: Blocked land surveying for months

Dec 1869: Canada possessed the land of the Red River settlement

Had conventions of 24 and 40 (members not selected by people)

legislative assembly of Assiniboia: 28 elected, accepted Manitoba act jun 1870

wanted to set own terms of joining Canada

Who was important in the Red River Resistance?

Louis Riel

Ambroise-Dydime Lepine

Andrew Bannatyne

Annie Bannatyne

Alexandre Antonin Tache

* middleman

John Christian Schultz

* racist

What were the Homestead and Dower laws?

women were unable to own a homestead or stop husband from selling it behind their backs

Government did not support dower laws

Eventually movement gained some dower laws that ever eventually abolished

Who was important in the Homestead and Dower Laws Movement?

British women: Georgina Bennie Clarke, women in England (sent surplus of women to canada)

Women Journalists in Western Canada: Isabelle Graham, Georgina Bennie Clarke (pushed idea women could homestead)

What were the criticisms of the Dower Law?

no protection from husbands debtors

Only owned house not stuff within

Government interpreted it very narrowly

What was the nine-hour movement?

first industrial revolution: processing of natural resources, increased transportation and demand for consumer goods

Work was dangerous, long and low wages

Nine hour movement where people wanted more control of lives

movement slowly ended unsuccessfully

Who was important in the nine hour movement?

hamilton, Toronto

Workers

George Brown was mad his workers were striking

John A Macdonald supported the movement and legalized unions to spite him

What was the age of reform / early suffrage?

social reformers and social gospel, temperance movement, eugenics

Who was important to the age of reform / early suffrage?

Winnipeg

* center of movement

Salem Bland

* socialist, improve conditions for people in poverty

J.S Woodsworth

* assistance but also assimilation
* Canadianization (assimilation)

Women’s Christian temperance union (WCTU)

* wanted working class to stop drinking
* believed some were moral center of group

What was the 19th century suffrage movement?

ideologies


1. equal rights
2. maternalism

WCTU petitioned provincial government for the vote and rejected twice

Who was important to the 19th century suffrage movement?

WCTU (Women’s christian temperance union)

* Dr. Amelia Yeomans

Margaret Benedictson

* Published pro suffrage newsletter with husband

Ada Muir

* helped start the women’s labour league
* column in newsletter

What was the 20th century women’s suffrage movement?

wanted vote for women

held satirical women’s parliment changing mens speechs as to why men should not vote

1914: petition (suported by most manitobans yet denied)

1916: new gov allowed some women to vote

Who was important to the 20th century women’s suffrage movement?

Political Equality League

* held teas for discussion
* pamphlets
* speaking tours

What was the Ukrainian immigration movement?

1896-1913

immigration boom and many came to cities for work

war on austro-hungarian empire led canada to view Ukrainians as enemies and sent to internment camps

Many declared loyalty to Canada and volunteered for war

many walked to america for work but were stopped at border and sent to camps

What was the labour movement and Winnipeg general strike?

homes were overcrowded and wages sucked

held vote and people wanted to strike

non-unionized workers walking off was unplanned

30,000-35,000 strikers including veterans who supported

arrested strike leaders

strike to support the arrested and tipped street car and people fought

shortly after the leaders said no more violence and ended the strike

Who was important to the labour movement and Winnipeg general strike?

working class

* made less than cost of living
* long hours

unions

* knights of labour (inclusive but racist)
* Craft unions (skilled workers only)
* Industrial unions

Citizen’s committee of 1000

Trades and Labour Council

* organizing body for labourers in Winnipeg

How was gender and race involved in the labour movement and winnipeg general strike?

women earned very little and were considered unskilled jobs

* campaign for minimum wage for women

Canadian brotherhood of railway employees rejected Black workers so started Order of Sleeping Car porters

* They supported the strike and sympathy strikes
* Many fired once strike ended

Who was important to the gender and race aspect of the labour movement and winnipeg general strike?

Helen Armstrong

* women’s labour league
* Organizing women workers

Labour Cafe

* free meals for women strikers, supported by the community
* harassed by special constables

Order of Sleeping car porters

* treated terribly: unclean, racist, underpaid, no bed

What was the protest parties movement in the 1920s?

farmers began associations to pressure governments to protect them against the grain companies

Crow’s Nest pass agreement

* realized CPR overcharged made a deal for them to reduce freight taxes

Manitoba Grain Act

* to regulate trade and set fixed rates but grain monopolies ignored it

Farmers did not support labour movement as didn’t view themselves as workers

Who was important to the protest parties in the 1920s?

Grain Growers’ Association

* realized CPR overcharged

Territorial Grain Growers Association

* 1902: took CPR to court and won
* split up into new orgs when provinces formed in 1906

Manitoba Grain Growers’ Association

* formed after TGGA’s success

United Farmers of Alberta

* entered politics and won by surprise (1921-1935)
* involved in eugenics
* Henry Wise Wood started it to counter big biz but refused the political aspects

United Farmers of Manitoba

* replaced MGGA
* won provincial election 1922

What was the protest parties movement in the 1930s?

people were mad gov was not supporting them during the great depression

Created social credit theory

Who was important to the protest parties of the 1930s?

Cooperative commonwealth federation

* 1960s became NDP

William Aberhart

* creator of social credit theory
* ran in election to enact this
* in power for 35+ years but did not implement this

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What was the On To Ottawa Trek?

great depression, stock market crash, people wanted relief, single men go into city for work and gov saw them as a threat, sent men to work camps where men tried to unionize

June 1935: WUL had strikers jump freight trains and RCMP stopped them so they settled in Regina, then leaders agreed to stop strike but PM arrested anyways which cause the Regina Riot

Regina Riot: RCMP arrested leaders, and strikers protested this and fights broke out before the protest ended

Who was important to the On To Ottawa Trek

Worker Unity League / Arthur Evans

* war measures act made party illegal
* involved in strikes
* caused gov to make commission to look into camp conditions

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What was the Early Indigenous Social Movement?

Indian act banned cultural ceremonies with imprisonment and fines, and Indigenous war vets received no help

Who was important to Early Indigenous social movements?

1906: Joe Capilano was concerned with Vancouver taking land

1909: Indian Tribes of BC focused on land issues

1916: Allied Tribes of BC focused on land issues

1927: Indian act amended

* groups can’t fundraise
* made hard for them to exist

1918: Fredrick Loft - League of Indians of Canada

* Poor health conditions, removal of residential schools, land rights

Francis Pegahmagabow

* highest decorated soldier
* ignored when returned
* Brotherhood of Canadian Indians 1943

What was second wave feminism?

Goal 1: women’s equality in society and the workplace

goal 2: reproductive freedom

demanded royal commission on issues of women

gave 4 recommendations which gov mostly ignored

Who was important to second wave feminism?

1945: Voice of Women

* in response to men failing to de-escalate war
* world peace, don’t get involved in Cuban missile crisis

Laura Sabia

* pressured gov to have royal commission

Florence Bird

* head of royal commission
* under name Mrs. John Bird

1971: National Committee on the Status of Women

* coordination of action among women’s groups across the country
* concerns: domestic violence, poverty, minority rights

What was the Second wave of feminism pt. 2?

reproductive freedom and birth control

1930s: married women could use birth control

1954: pill invented

1960: birth control was legal for regulating menstruation

Birth control handbook at McGill

Omnibus Bill legalized abortion in 1969 but still restrictive

Vancouver Women’s Caucus said too restrictive

Abortion Caravan

Who was important to the second wave of feminism pt.2?

Women’s Liberation Movement (WLM)

* student movement
* younger and unstructured
* focus: access to birth control and abortion

Therapeutic Abortion Committees:

* Omnibus bill led to
* agree abortion is necessary to preserve a woman’s life
* Hospital were not required to have them

Vancouver Women’s Caucus:

* simon fraser uni
* Said Omnibus bill too restrictive
* organized to make abortion more accessible
* interrupted PM on ski vacation for this

Henry Morgentaler

* provided abortions to anyone that wanted
* 1973: stated did over 5,000 and was jailed
* 1988: sided with Henry Morgentaler and Supreme Court said law violated Charter of rights

Was is the gay rights movement?

1859: punishable by death

1892: offence against morality

1969: omnibus bill removed morality laws

1995: gay rights charter

continues social and medical oppression

cold war present gay people as security risks (blackmail for being gay) and removed them from gov and rcmp positions

American stonewall riots led to invading gay bars here

feb 1981: 4 places i none night, 4,000 men arrested, protests the next day in toronto and led to first pride

Aids epidemic stigmatized gay men and debilitated the queer community

What was Indigenous women’s movements?

section 12 (1) (b) of the Indian Act discriminated against Indigenous women, caused many court cases

Case of Sharon McIvor caused the gov to amend the Indian Act

Who was important to Indigenous women’s movement?

Mary Two-Axe Early

* Equal rights for Indian women (1967)
* made legal bried and presented to Ottawa
* Focused on Section 12 (1) (b)

Native Women’s Association Canada (1974)

* Bertha Clark served in Canadian air force
* Represented all Indigenous women

Jeanette Corbiere-Lavelle and Yvonn Bedard

* combined their cases (wanted to return to communities after divorce) and went to supreme court which sided with fed gov

Sandra Lovelace

* appealed to UNHRC and they argued section 12 (1) (b) went agians human rights which embarrassed Canada and led to Bill C-31

Sharon McIvor

* challenged Bill C-31 to BC court, judged ruled it went against human dignity and forced gov to amend the Indian Act

What were Indigenous responses to the White Paper?

the White paper would harm indigenous people

??? idk i dont have notes

What was the Civil Rights Movement?

Brought enslaved people brought to canada, Black loyalists received small and worse land in Canada (after American revolution) and and weren’t allowed to fish or own business

Fugitive Slave Act and Common Schools Act

Destruction of Africville

Rejection of racist treatment and policies and of older gens attempts to work with white communities

Who was important to the Civil Rights movement?

Rocky Jones

* central figure in Halifax
* Invited head of Black Panthers to speak

Stokely Carmichael - Black Panthers head

* Montral said aggressive violence is essential to change our status
* people were scared for him to speak in Halifax

Black United Front 1969

* due to hype from Carmichael
* focused on education in health and education issues in Black communities

Kwacha House

* means freedom house
* Rocky Jones involved
* A place for young Black people to meet, organize, strategize
* due to hype from Carmichael

What was the Disability Rights movement?

main focuses: accessibility, social attitudes, legislation

history of segregation and institutionalization, immigration act prevented anyone who was “likely to become a public charge”

WWI left many disabled veterans

Polio left many with permanent paralysis who were sorted into


1. Employable
2. Non- Employable
* competitive employment: could find job fine (never given)
* Vocational training: more training needed
* Industrial workshops: almost non-employable, can do odd jobs

1975: Un declared rights of disabled persons to encourage countries to enact legislation for disabled rights

this led to Accessibility for ONtarians with Disabilites (2005), Accessibility for Manitobans Act (2013), Accessible Canada Act (2019)

Who was important to the disability rights movement?

1920s: Great War veterans association/Legion

* provide effective voice for veterans to pressure/lobby gov for assistance

War Amps

* pre 1945 goals: pressure gov, rehabilitate and retrain, research into prosthetics
* post 1945 goals: pensions and benefits (dental), advocacy (training for modified vehicles), legal system (rights)

PUSH, Northwestern Independent Living Services, ORganization for the multi-disabled

* focused on increasing accessibility (employment, housing, transportation)
* Chanign social ideas about disabilities

What is environment activism?

Canadian movement began in 1967 with Air of Death, led to Hall commission, which led to CRTC investigation

American movement began in 1962 after info about harmful pesticides

1980s: Canada world leader but in 2011 dropped out of agreements later joining new ones (Paris agreement)

Current: focus on global issues (acid rain, ozone depletion, animal protection)

Who is important to environemental activism?

Autumn Petelier

* young activist
* Indigenous land and water issues?

Group Action to Stop Pollution (GASP)

* elite professions in Toronto
* focus on education
* response to doc that fizzled out

Pollution Probe

* 1960s uni students
* immediately caught on
* main goal: investigate effects of pollution, mobilize public and private sector to reduce air pollution, education
* Many uni students active at this time due to increase in university accessibility (cheaper, more unis)