Studied by 3 people
What was the 1869-1870 Red River Resistance?
Canadian surveyors bought land from Metis people without permission
1869: Blocked land surveying for months
Dec 1869: Canada possessed the land of the Red River settlement
Had conventions of 24 and 40 (members not selected by people)
legislative assembly of Assiniboia: 28 elected, accepted Manitoba act jun 1870
wanted to set own terms of joining Canada
Who was important in the Red River Resistance?
Louis Riel
Ambroise-Dydime Lepine
Andrew Bannatyne
Annie Bannatyne
Alexandre Antonin Tache
middleman
John Christian Schultz
racist
What were the Homestead and Dower laws?
women were unable to own a homestead or stop husband from selling it behind their backs
Government did not support dower laws
Eventually movement gained some dower laws that ever eventually abolished
Who was important in the Homestead and Dower Laws Movement?
British women: Georgina Bennie Clarke, women in England (sent surplus of women to canada)
Women Journalists in Western Canada: Isabelle Graham, Georgina Bennie Clarke (pushed idea women could homestead)
What were the criticisms of the Dower Law?
no protection from husbands debtors
Only owned house not stuff within
Government interpreted it very narrowly
What was the nine-hour movement?
first industrial revolution: processing of natural resources, increased transportation and demand for consumer goods
Work was dangerous, long and low wages
Nine hour movement where people wanted more control of lives
movement slowly ended unsuccessfully
Who was important in the nine hour movement?
hamilton, Toronto
Workers
George Brown was mad his workers were striking
John A Macdonald supported the movement and legalized unions to spite him
What was the age of reform / early suffrage?
social reformers and social gospel, temperance movement, eugenics
Who was important to the age of reform / early suffrage?
Winnipeg
center of movement
Salem Bland
socialist, improve conditions for people in poverty
J.S Woodsworth
assistance but also assimilation
Canadianization (assimilation)
Women’s Christian temperance union (WCTU)
wanted working class to stop drinking
believed some were moral center of group
What was the 19th century suffrage movement?
ideologies
equal rights
maternalism
WCTU petitioned provincial government for the vote and rejected twice
Who was important to the 19th century suffrage movement?
WCTU (Women’s christian temperance union)
Dr. Amelia Yeomans
Margaret Benedictson
Published pro suffrage newsletter with husband
Ada Muir
helped start the women’s labour league
column in newsletter
What was the 20th century women’s suffrage movement?
wanted vote for women
held satirical women’s parliment changing mens speechs as to why men should not vote
1914: petition (suported by most manitobans yet denied)
1916: new gov allowed some women to vote
Who was important to the 20th century women’s suffrage movement?
Political Equality League
held teas for discussion
pamphlets
speaking tours
What was the Ukrainian immigration movement?
1896-1913
immigration boom and many came to cities for work
war on austro-hungarian empire led canada to view Ukrainians as enemies and sent to internment camps
Many declared loyalty to Canada and volunteered for war
many walked to america for work but were stopped at border and sent to camps
What was the labour movement and Winnipeg general strike?
homes were overcrowded and wages sucked
held vote and people wanted to strike
non-unionized workers walking off was unplanned
30,000-35,000 strikers including veterans who supported
arrested strike leaders
strike to support the arrested and tipped street car and people fought
shortly after the leaders said no more violence and ended the strike
Who was important to the labour movement and Winnipeg general strike?
working class
made less than cost of living
long hours
unions
knights of labour (inclusive but racist)
Craft unions (skilled workers only)
Industrial unions
Citizen’s committee of 1000
Trades and Labour Council
organizing body for labourers in Winnipeg
How was gender and race involved in the labour movement and winnipeg general strike?
women earned very little and were considered unskilled jobs
campaign for minimum wage for women
Canadian brotherhood of railway employees rejected Black workers so started Order of Sleeping Car porters
They supported the strike and sympathy strikes
Many fired once strike ended
Who was important to the gender and race aspect of the labour movement and winnipeg general strike?
Helen Armstrong
women’s labour league
Organizing women workers
Labour Cafe
free meals for women strikers, supported by the community
harassed by special constables
Order of Sleeping car porters
treated terribly: unclean, racist, underpaid, no bed
What was the protest parties movement in the 1920s?
farmers began associations to pressure governments to protect them against the grain companies
Crow’s Nest pass agreement
realized CPR overcharged made a deal for them to reduce freight taxes
Manitoba Grain Act
to regulate trade and set fixed rates but grain monopolies ignored it
Farmers did not support labour movement as didn’t view themselves as workers
Who was important to the protest parties in the 1920s?
Grain Growers’ Association
realized CPR overcharged
Territorial Grain Growers Association
1902: took CPR to court and won
split up into new orgs when provinces formed in 1906
Manitoba Grain Growers’ Association
formed after TGGA’s success
United Farmers of Alberta
entered politics and won by surprise (1921-1935)
involved in eugenics
Henry Wise Wood started it to counter big biz but refused the political aspects
United Farmers of Manitoba
replaced MGGA
won provincial election 1922
What was the protest parties movement in the 1930s?
people were mad gov was not supporting them during the great depression
Created social credit theory
Who was important to the protest parties of the 1930s?
Cooperative commonwealth federation
1960s became NDP
William Aberhart
creator of social credit theory
ran in election to enact this
in power for 35+ years but did not implement this
What was the On To Ottawa Trek?
great depression, stock market crash, people wanted relief, single men go into city for work and gov saw them as a threat, sent men to work camps where men tried to unionize
June 1935: WUL had strikers jump freight trains and RCMP stopped them so they settled in Regina, then leaders agreed to stop strike but PM arrested anyways which cause the Regina Riot
Regina Riot: RCMP arrested leaders, and strikers protested this and fights broke out before the protest ended
Who was important to the On To Ottawa Trek
Worker Unity League / Arthur Evans
war measures act made party illegal
involved in strikes
caused gov to make commission to look into camp conditions
What was the Early Indigenous Social Movement?
Indian act banned cultural ceremonies with imprisonment and fines, and Indigenous war vets received no help
Who was important to Early Indigenous social movements?
1906: Joe Capilano was concerned with Vancouver taking land
1909: Indian Tribes of BC focused on land issues
1916: Allied Tribes of BC focused on land issues
1927: Indian act amended
groups can’t fundraise
made hard for them to exist
1918: Fredrick Loft - League of Indians of Canada
Poor health conditions, removal of residential schools, land rights
Francis Pegahmagabow
highest decorated soldier
ignored when returned
Brotherhood of Canadian Indians 1943
What was second wave feminism?
Goal 1: women’s equality in society and the workplace
goal 2: reproductive freedom
demanded royal commission on issues of women
gave 4 recommendations which gov mostly ignored
Who was important to second wave feminism?
1945: Voice of Women
in response to men failing to de-escalate war
world peace, don’t get involved in Cuban missile crisis
Laura Sabia
pressured gov to have royal commission
Florence Bird
head of royal commission
under name Mrs. John Bird
1971: National Committee on the Status of Women
coordination of action among women’s groups across the country
concerns: domestic violence, poverty, minority rights
What was the Second wave of feminism pt. 2?
reproductive freedom and birth control
1930s: married women could use birth control
1954: pill invented
1960: birth control was legal for regulating menstruation
Birth control handbook at McGill
Omnibus Bill legalized abortion in 1969 but still restrictive
Vancouver Women’s Caucus said too restrictive
Abortion Caravan
Who was important to the second wave of feminism pt.2?
Women’s Liberation Movement (WLM)
student movement
younger and unstructured
focus: access to birth control and abortion
Therapeutic Abortion Committees:
Omnibus bill led to
agree abortion is necessary to preserve a woman’s life
Hospital were not required to have them
Vancouver Women’s Caucus:
simon fraser uni
Said Omnibus bill too restrictive
organized to make abortion more accessible
interrupted PM on ski vacation for this
Henry Morgentaler
provided abortions to anyone that wanted
1973: stated did over 5,000 and was jailed
1988: sided with Henry Morgentaler and Supreme Court said law violated Charter of rights
Was is the gay rights movement?
1859: punishable by death
1892: offence against morality
1969: omnibus bill removed morality laws
1995: gay rights charter
continues social and medical oppression
cold war present gay people as security risks (blackmail for being gay) and removed them from gov and rcmp positions
American stonewall riots led to invading gay bars here
feb 1981: 4 places i none night, 4,000 men arrested, protests the next day in toronto and led to first pride
Aids epidemic stigmatized gay men and debilitated the queer community
What was Indigenous women’s movements?
section 12 (1) (b) of the Indian Act discriminated against Indigenous women, caused many court cases
Case of Sharon McIvor caused the gov to amend the Indian Act
Who was important to Indigenous women’s movement?
Mary Two-Axe Early
Equal rights for Indian women (1967)
made legal bried and presented to Ottawa
Focused on Section 12 (1) (b)
Native Women’s Association Canada (1974)
Bertha Clark served in Canadian air force
Represented all Indigenous women
Jeanette Corbiere-Lavelle and Yvonn Bedard
combined their cases (wanted to return to communities after divorce) and went to supreme court which sided with fed gov
Sandra Lovelace
appealed to UNHRC and they argued section 12 (1) (b) went agians human rights which embarrassed Canada and led to Bill C-31
Sharon McIvor
challenged Bill C-31 to BC court, judged ruled it went against human dignity and forced gov to amend the Indian Act
What were Indigenous responses to the White Paper?
the White paper would harm indigenous people
??? idk i dont have notes
What was the Civil Rights Movement?
Brought enslaved people brought to canada, Black loyalists received small and worse land in Canada (after American revolution) and and weren’t allowed to fish or own business
Fugitive Slave Act and Common Schools Act
Destruction of Africville
Rejection of racist treatment and policies and of older gens attempts to work with white communities
Who was important to the Civil Rights movement?
Rocky Jones
central figure in Halifax
Invited head of Black Panthers to speak
Stokely Carmichael - Black Panthers head
Montral said aggressive violence is essential to change our status
people were scared for him to speak in Halifax
Black United Front 1969
due to hype from Carmichael
focused on education in health and education issues in Black communities
Kwacha House
means freedom house
Rocky Jones involved
A place for young Black people to meet, organize, strategize
due to hype from Carmichael
What was the Disability Rights movement?
main focuses: accessibility, social attitudes, legislation
history of segregation and institutionalization, immigration act prevented anyone who was “likely to become a public charge”
WWI left many disabled veterans
Polio left many with permanent paralysis who were sorted into
Employable
Non- Employable
competitive employment: could find job fine (never given)
Vocational training: more training needed
Industrial workshops: almost non-employable, can do odd jobs
1975: Un declared rights of disabled persons to encourage countries to enact legislation for disabled rights
this led to Accessibility for ONtarians with Disabilites (2005), Accessibility for Manitobans Act (2013), Accessible Canada Act (2019)
Who was important to the disability rights movement?
1920s: Great War veterans association/Legion
provide effective voice for veterans to pressure/lobby gov for assistance
War Amps
pre 1945 goals: pressure gov, rehabilitate and retrain, research into prosthetics
post 1945 goals: pensions and benefits (dental), advocacy (training for modified vehicles), legal system (rights)
PUSH, Northwestern Independent Living Services, ORganization for the multi-disabled
focused on increasing accessibility (employment, housing, transportation)
Chanign social ideas about disabilities
What is environment activism?
Canadian movement began in 1967 with Air of Death, led to Hall commission, which led to CRTC investigation
American movement began in 1962 after info about harmful pesticides
1980s: Canada world leader but in 2011 dropped out of agreements later joining new ones (Paris agreement)
Current: focus on global issues (acid rain, ozone depletion, animal protection)
Who is important to environemental activism?
Autumn Petelier
young activist
Indigenous land and water issues?
Group Action to Stop Pollution (GASP)
elite professions in Toronto
focus on education
response to doc that fizzled out
Pollution Probe
1960s uni students
immediately caught on
main goal: investigate effects of pollution, mobilize public and private sector to reduce air pollution, education
Many uni students active at this time due to increase in university accessibility (cheaper, more unis)
Note 
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