Gartenberg Chapter 11 and 12 practice

Which of the following was the critical catalyst for antebellum reform movements?

a. National government initiatives
b. The Second Great Awakening
c. State government initiatives
d. Industrialization

b. The Second Great Awakening

What did Alexis de Tocqueville mean when he used the term individualism to describe American society in 1835?

a. Americans lived in social isolation, without any ties to caste, class, association, or family.
b. Americans valued and respected differing views on political topics.
c. The American people welcomed all types of immigrants, regardless of ethnicity or religion.
d. Most Americans were uninfluenced by political parties and did not vote by party lines.

a. Americans lived in social isolation, without any ties to caste, class, association, or family.

The philosophy that people could gain mystical knowledge and harmony beyond the world of the senses is known as which of the following?

a. Individualism
b. The cult of domesticity
c. Utopianism
d. Transcendentalism

d. Transcendentalism

Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote about which of the following in his essays and lectures?

a. He rejected traditional Biblical teachings and promoted atheism.
b. He argued that people should reject old conventions and discover their original relation with nature.
c. He defended traditional Calvinist theology, which had been challenged by the Second Great Awakening.
d. He suggested that science and technology would lead humankind into a new era of enlightenment.

b. He argued that people should reject old conventions and discover their original relation with nature.

What did Ralph Waldo Emerson believe would promote an individual's mystical union with God and achievement of self-realization?

a. Hard physical labor
b. Intensive, solitary study
c. Spending time alone in nature
d. Sexual intimacy

c. Spending time alone in nature

The American Lyceum movement of the 1830s engaged in which of the following efforts?

a. Promoting the spread of knowledge through public lectures
b. Advocating social nonconformity and civil disobedience
c. Ending the era of utopian communal experiments
d. Encouraging mob violence like the violence that killed Joseph Smith

a. Promoting the spread of knowledge through public lectures

Which of the following statements about Emerson is correct?

a. He was a Unitarian minister who eventually rejected organized religion.
b. His view of individualism promoted hard work and indulgent consumption.
c. He resigned his pulpit due to his fear of public speaking.
d. Emerson's influence was briefly intense, but it did not stand the test of time.

a. He was a Unitarian minister who eventually rejected organized religion.

Which of the following describes the purpose of Henry David Thoreau's book Walden?

a. It was written to document Walden's spiritual search for meaning beyond the artificiality of "civilized" life.
b. It was intended to serve as a guidebook for others who wanted to learn how to survive alone in the woods.
c. The book sought to advise farmers on practical matters that would increase the profitability of small farms.
d. It warned of the dangers that could arise from too many efforts to promote and create social reform.

a. It was written to document Walden's spiritual search for meaning beyond the artificiality of "civilized" life.

Which of the following qualities did Henry David Thoreau urge in his readers, as demonstrated by the statement, "If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer"?

a. Stubbornness
b. Individuality
c. Musicality
d. Expressiveness

b. Individuality

Henry David Thoreau, Margaret Fuller, and Ralph Waldo Emerson were well known for their involvement in which of the following movements?

a. Temperance
b. Prison reform
c. Educational reform
d. Transcendentalism

d. Transcendentalism

Who was a critic for the New York Tribune, an editor of The Dial, and the author of Woman in the Nineteenth Century?

a. Harriet Beecher Stowe
b. Susan B. Anthony
c. Angelina Grimké
d. Margaret Fuller

d. Margaret Fuller

Which of the following is properly paired?

a. Henry David Thoreau—Uncle Tom's Cabin
b. Walt Whitman—Leaves of Grass
c. Nathaniel Hawthorne—The American Scholar
d. Herman Melville—The Scarlet Letter

b. Walt Whitman—Leaves of Grass

Which of the following did Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville have in common?

a. Both celebrated the positive potential of the individual.
b. They wrote mostly of the past and ignored current realities in the United States.
c. Both warned against the restrictions imposed on individuals by social groups.
d. They criticized transcendentalism and warned against excessive individualism.

d. They criticized transcendentalism and warned against excessive individualism.

Which of the following describes the residents of the Brook Farm community of the 1840s?

a. Brook Farm's residents pioneered the use of advanced farming techniques.
b. They practiced nineteenth-century versions of free love and communism.
c. They wanted to combine farming with study and a lively intellectual life.
d. Brook Farm's residents consisted mostly of families and single women.

c. They wanted to combine farming with study and a lively intellectual life.

In the late 1840s and the 1850s, Emersonians did which of the following?

a. Abandoned their quest to create new social institutions
b. Rejected cash donations from wealthy followers, calling such donations "tainted funds"
c. Created dozens of utopian settlements throughout New England and the Midwest
d. Suggested that most workers were incapable of higher learning

a. Abandoned their quest to create new social institutions

The Shakers' name came from which of the following?

a. The name of their founder
b. Their particular form of worship
c. The town in which they originated
d. Their efforts to transform society

b. Their particular form of worship

Which of the following describes the nineteenth-century Shakers?

a. They believed men were spiritually weaker than women.
b. They excluded African Americans in order to maintain racial purity.
c. Men greatly outnumbered women in Shaker communities.
d. They allowed both women and men to govern their communities.

d. They allowed both women and men to govern their communities.

Which of the following describes the Fourierist movement in America?

a. Fourierists inspired Susan B. Anthony and helped launch the women's rights movement.
b. It demonstrated the difficulty of creating enduring utopian communities.
c. Mormonism was founded on the principles of Fourierism.
d. It created a lasting and uniquely American style of furniture.

b. It demonstrated the difficulty of creating enduring utopian communities.

Which of the following was an evangelical movement that believed the Second Coming of Christ had already occurred and people could attain complete freedom from sin?

a. Mormonism
b. Perfectionism
c. Fourierism
d. Transcendentalism

b. Perfectionism

The Oneida Community, founded in 1839 by John Humphrey Noyes, was known for which of the following practices?

a. Complex marriage
b. Monogamy
c. Celibacy
d. Equality of men and women

a. Complex marriage

Why are the Oneidians, Shakers, and Fourierists historically significant?

a. All of these groups exercised great influence over American politics.
b. These utopians all criticized capitalism but made tremendous profits through manufacturing.
c. They repudiated heterosexual sex and sexuality.
d. They articulated criticisms of the class divisions created by the market economy.

d. They articulated criticisms of the class divisions created by the market economy.

Which of the following describes The Book of Mormon, published in 1830?

a. It was a historical account of the Mormons' westward migration to Utah.
b. It claimed that Jesus Christ visited an ancient American civilization soon after his resurrection.
c. The book offered a detailed explanation and justification of the Mormons' social philosophy.
d. The book was written anonymously by anti-Mormons to discredit Mormon beliefs.

b. It claimed that Jesus Christ visited an ancient American civilization soon after his resurrection.

Which of the following contributed to the harassment and persecution of Mormons at Nauvoo in the early 1840s?

a. Mormons' power as a voting bloc in local elections
b. Mormons' plan to make plural marriage legal in Illinois
c. Their declaration of war against the Illinois militia
d. Their widespread ownership of slaves

a. Mormons' power as a voting bloc in local elections

For which of the following reasons did the Salt Lake Mormons succeed and thrive in the nineteenth century even as other social experiments failed?

a. The Mormon Church successfully monopolized Utah's vast natural mineral wealth.
b. Mormon society had strong, hierarchical leadership.
c. The group rejected evangelicalism in favor of natural reproduction.
d. Mormon leaders embraced violent tactics to keep followers in line.

b. Mormon society had strong, hierarchical leadership.

Which of the following factors was critical in the ballooning populations of cities like New York in the mid-nineteenth century?

a. The rapid increase in life expectancy
b. America's relatively high birthrate
c. Immigration
d. The growth of urban culture

c. Immigration

Which of these factors contributed to the tremendous increase in commercialized sex in the new cities of the mid-nineteenth century?

a. Mainstream churches' timidity about addressing sexual issues explicitly
b. The subsistence wages and exploitative conditions of women's jobs
c. An influx of immigrants from southern and eastern European counties
d. Cities' refusal to pass legislation banning prostitution and pornography

b. The subsistence wages and exploitative conditions of women's jobs

Which of the following describes the minstrel shows that became popular in American cities in the 1840s?

a. They were pioneered by P. T. Barnum, who founded the Barnum & Bailey Circus.
b. Minstrel shows celebrated the lifestyle of the "b'hoys."
c. Minstrel shows contributed to the problem of prostitution in the big cities.
d. They were a popular form of entertainment and social criticism.

d. They were a popular form of entertainment and social criticism.

Which of the following factors contributed to the rise of anti-immigrant sentiment in American cities in the mid-nineteenth century?

a. Male promiscuity
b. Minstrel shows
c. Prostitution
d. The Democratic Party

b. Minstrel shows

In the early 1800s, free blacks in the North were encouraged to "elevate" themselves through which of the following activities?

a. Legal reform
b. Temperance
c. Political activism
d. Forming friendships with whites

b. Temperance

In his 1829 pamphlet, An Appeal . . . to the Colored Citizens of the World, David Walker did which of the following?

a. He justified slave rebellion and warned white Americans that violence and retribution would come if justice were delayed.
b. He appealed to the religious consciences of slaveholders to recognize slavery as being morally wrong.
c. He approved of colonization programs to establish an African republic for freed American slaves.
d. He urged slaves not to rebel but to seek comfort in their relationships and religious activities instead.

a. He justified slave rebellion and warned white Americans that violence and retribution would come if justice were delayed.

Which of the following was a result of the Turner Rebellion of the 1830s?

a. The rebels won their freedom.
b. A national convention of African American activists met in Philadelphia.
c. Tougher slave codes and restrictions were implemented.
d. Rioting erupted in northern cities.

c. Tougher slave codes and restrictions were implemented.

As a result of Turner's Rebellion, the Virginia legislature did which of the following in the 1830s?

a. It refused to even consider a bill providing for gradual emancipation and colonization.
b. It debated but rejected a bill providing for gradual emancipation and colonization.
c. It adopted a resolution supporting the colonization of all of Virginia's free blacks.
d. It called on slave owners to treat their slaves more humanely in order to prevent future slave rebellions.

b. It debated but rejected a bill providing for gradual emancipation and colonization.

Which of the following statements is true about William Lloyd Garrison?

a. He attacked the U.S. Constitution because it condoned slavery.
b. He was motivated by political, not religious, concerns.
c. Garrison believed violence was an acceptable means for ending American slavery.
d. Garrison called for the institution of gradual abolition in all states.

a. He attacked the U.S. Constitution because it condoned slavery.

How did women participate in the abolition movement in the mid-eighteenth century?

a. Female abolitionists often discussed issues of slavery among themselves, but they had limited involvement in the movement.
b. Women were not active in the abolition movement.
c. Women interested in abolition attended meetings with their husbands but did not actively participate in the societies.
d. Women abolitionists established influential groups such as the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society.

d. Women abolitionists established influential groups such as the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society.

In their book American Slavery as It Is, Theodore Dwight Weld and the Grimké sisters

a. presented testimony from individual southerners about the evils of slavery.
b. refuted William Lloyd Garrison's position on the necessity of African colonization.
c. openly criticized individuals who did not agree with their views on slavery.
d. appealed to the economic interests of southerners by arguing that slavery was unprofitable.

a. presented testimony from individual southerners about the evils of slavery.

In its campaign to end slavery, the American Anti-Slavery Society embraced which of the following tactics?

a. Smuggling weapons to slaves for use in an eventual uprising
b. Purchasing and freeing slaves threatened with a sale that would break up their families
c. Mounting civil disobedience actions and mass demonstrations to protest slavery
d. Sponsoring public lectures and collecting signatures on antislavery petitions

d. Sponsoring public lectures and collecting signatures on antislavery petitions

Abolitionist leaders used which of the following in their crusade to end slavery in the middle of the 1800s?

a. Lecture tours demanding the end of the international slave trade
b. Aid to fugitive slaves
c. Continuous demonstrations against slavery outside the White House
d. Financial support for free blacks willing to foment rebellion in the South

b. Aid to fugitive slaves

Which of the following individuals went to jail rather than pay taxes in support of the Mexican War and slavery?

a. Ralph Waldo Emerson
b. Henry David Thoreau
c. William Lloyd Garrison
d. Sarah Grimké

b. Henry David Thoreau

Why did many northern wage earners not support abolition in the mid-eighteenth century?

a. Wageworkers feared that freed blacks would work for lower wages and compete for jobs.
b. The northerners supported slavery only because of the belief of black inferiority.
c. They were interested in maintaining the English Protestant society of the North.
d. They did not want the Baptists beliefs held by many slaves to spread to the North.

a. Wageworkers feared that freed blacks would work for lower wages and compete for jobs.

Mob violence against abolitionist efforts in the 1830s and 1840s was

a. confined to border and southern cities such as Baltimore, St. Louis, and Nashville.
b. often directed against "respectable" black organizations such as churches and against orphanages.
c. directed only at free black communities and the homes of prominent abolitionists.
d. responsible for the deaths of hundreds of abolitionists and free blacks during this period.

b. often directed against "respectable" black organizations such as churches and against orphanages.

What was the gag rule passed by the House of Representatives in 1836?

a. It suspended the writ of habeas corpus for any abolitionist speaker arrested for violating antiabolitionist laws.
b. The policy automatically tabled and prevented discussion of any antislavery petitions received by the House.
c. It prevented southern politicians from giving proslavery speeches on the floor of the House.
d. The rule made it a federal crime to distribute abolitionist tracts in any state where slavery was legal.

b. The policy automatically tabled and prevented discussion of any antislavery petitions received by the House.

By the early 1840s, Garrison and his supporters in the American Anti-Slavery Society had transformed their agenda in which of the following ways?

a. They softened their rhetoric in an effort to end pro-slavery activists' violent attacks on lecturers.
b. The group joined the Tappan brothers and Theodore Weld to form the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society.
c. They advocated a broad-based reform program, embracing women's rights as well as the rights of American blacks.
d. The group decided that working for abolitionism within existing institutions was more effective than creating new ones.

c. They advocated a broad-based reform program, embracing women's rights as well as the rights of American blacks.

Who founded the Liberty Party in 1840?

a. William Lloyd Garrison, after he broke with most of the other abolitionist leaders
b. Theodore Dwight Weld, who sought to unify the antislavery movement
c. Antislavery leaders who had broken with Garrison
d. Proslavery advocates in both the North and the South

c. Antislavery leaders who had broken with Garrison

The public movement for women's rights developed out of which of the following sources in the 1840s?

a. The Second Great Awakening
b. Mormonism
c. The American Revolution
d. The Oneida Community

a. The Second Great Awakening

Mid-nineteenth-century publications such as Godey's Lady's Book and Catharine Beecher's Treatise on Domestic Economy did which of the following?

a. Advocated women's right to vote and hold elected offices
b. Promoted the notion that higher education would make women better mothers
c. Emphasized the social importance of homemaking and domesticity
d. Promoted less restrictive feminine clothing to protect women's health

c. Emphasized the social importance of homemaking and domesticity

What was the purpose of the Female Moral Reform Society, which middle-class New York women founded in 1834?

a. To provide moral guidance for young, working women who were living away from their families
b. To create new opportunities for male and female reformers to work together as equals in the same organization
c. To create a network of schools to train young, middle-class women in manners and morals
d. To condemn prostitution and punish young women who participated in urban prostitution

a. To provide moral guidance for young, working women who were living away from their families

Efforts by women reformers to regulate sexual behavior resulted in laws in Massachusetts and New York that did which of the following?

a. Banned the manufacture, distribution, and sale of birth control devices
b. Made seduction of women a crime
c. Banned the common practice of abortion
d. Made solicitation of prostitutes a crime

b. Made seduction of women a crime

Horace Mann and Catharine Beecher were both actively involved in which of the following movements in the 1840s?

a. Prison reform
b. Educational reform
c. Temperance
d. Abolition

b. Educational reform

Why did Harriet Beecher Stowe pen her novel Uncle Tom's Cabin, which was published in 1852?

a. She wanted to promote African colonization as the best solution to the evils of slavery.
b. She wanted women to leave any church that did not preach against slavery.
c. She wanted more white Northern women to join abolitionist societies.
d. Stowe sought to depict slavery as degrading to slave women.

d. Stowe sought to depict slavery as degrading to slave women.

During the 1840s, American women's rights activists focused on which of the following goals?

a. Challenging the conventional division of labor within the family
b. Strengthening the legal rights of married women
c. Making it easier for married women to file for divorce
d. Educating women about birth control and abortion

b. Strengthening the legal rights of married women

Why was the South on the cutting edge of the Market Revolution by 1840?

a. It produced and exported over two-thirds of the world's cotton supply.
b. Planters were using European immigrants as industrial workers.
c. Planters were building factories to process cotton.
d. Southern society was dominated by free labor.

a. It produced and exported over two-thirds of the world's cotton supply.

Which of the following statements characterizes the cotton planter class in Alabama, Mississippi, and Texas in the mid-nineteenth century?

a. Planters lived in elegant mansions.
b. Planters embraced the cultured gentility of the Chesapeake region.
c. The goal of the planter class was to make money.
d. Planters refused to do physical labor on plantations.

c. The goal of the planter class was to make money.

The U.S. federal government participated in the expansion of slavery during the early to mid-1800s through which of the following?

a. The American Colonization Society
b. The Indian Removal Act
c. The international slave trade
d. The inland system

b. The Indian Removal Act

Which of these factors explained the surplus of slaves in the Chesapeake region in the early nineteenth century?

a. Chesapeake planters' hesitancy to work their slaves too hard
b. The profitability of the international slave trade
c. Population growth through natural reproduction
d. The rapid contraction of the region's tobacco market

c. Population growth through natural reproduction

Which of the following areas is correctly matched with its primary crop?

a. Chesapeake—rice
b. Carolina low country—hemp
c. Louisiana—sugar
d. Kentucky and Tennessee—cotton

c. Louisiana—sugar

Which of the following characterizes the plantation labor system of the southern cotton industry?

a. Native Americans formed an important subgroup of southern plantation laborers.
b. Immigrants formed an important subgroup of southern plantation laborers.
c. African American slaves worked from sunup to sundown all year long.
d. African American slaves were unable to escape the labor system due to planter violence.

c. African American slaves worked from sunup to sundown all year long.

Which factor led to planters' need to smuggle slaves into the country rather than import them legally?

a. A Supreme Court ruling
b. State legislation
c. Congressional legislation
d. Missouri's application for statehood

c. Congressional legislation

Why did a labor crisis develop in the Cotton South in the first few decades of the 1800s?

a. Americans sent thousands of slaves to Africa, creating a shortage of slave labor.
b. Disease killed tens of thousands of slaves every year in the Deep South.
c. Patriot planters had gradually emancipated their slaves after the Revolutionary War.
d. Planters heading west needed many new slaves to clear, plant, and harvest the land.

d. Planters heading west needed many new slaves to clear, plant, and harvest the land.

How did planters attempt to resolve a labor crisis in the cotton South in the early nineteenth century?

a. By refusing to take part illegally in the international slave trade
b. By resorting to buying slaves from the British in Canada
c. By beginning to import European peasant immigrants as servants
d. By buying domestic slaves from the Chesapeake region

d. By buying domestic slaves from the Chesapeake region

Which of the following statements characterizes the domestic slave trade in the nineteenth century?

a. The market for domestic slaves declined during the early 1800s.
b. The domestic slave trade was outlawed by Congress in 1807.
c. The domestic market brought wealth to American traders.
d. It included thousands of Native Americans held as slaves.

c. The domestic market brought wealth to American traders.

The cotton boom that began in the 1810s set which of the following results in motion?

a. A wave of European immigration to the South
b. The redistribution of the African American population
c. The beginnings of a manumission movement in the South
d. An increase in the legal importation of slaves

b. The redistribution of the African American population

By 1860, the majority of African Americans lived and worked as slaves in which of the following regions?

a. Deep South
b. Upper South
c. Midwest
d. Northeast

a. Deep South

Why was the domestic slave trade crucial to the southern economy?

a. The trade provided Native American slaves to the southern economy.
b. The trade provided tens of thousands of new workers to build plantations.
c. It provided a new source of income for Virginians who had abandoned tobacco cultivation.
d. The trade encouraged thousands of free blacks to move to the Lower South.

b. The trade provided tens of thousands of new workers to build plantations.

The domestic slave trade affected the African American family unit before 1865 by

a. destroying the sense of family.
b. separating adults but not children from their families.
c. destroying 75 percent of black marriages.
d. separating family members through sale and trade.

d. separating family members through sale and trade.

Which of the following statements was true of the American South in 1860?

a. Most slaves lived in the Upper South.
b. The vast majority of southern white families did not own any slaves.
c. Most slaves did not have stable families.
d. Most whites in the South who did not own slaves were opposed to slavery.

b. The vast majority of southern white families did not own any slaves.

Which of the following attributes of American society did the planter aristocracy in the South value highly in the mid-nineteenth century?

a. Inequality
b. Egalitarian society
c. Professional politicians
d. Universal suffrage

a. Inequality

Which of the following statements characterizes the planter elite of the Upper South in the early and mid-1800s?

a. Many elite planters considered themselves benevolent masters.
b. Tidewater planters frequently questioned the morality of the domestic slave trade.
c. Planters' embrace of republicanism weakened plantation aristocracy.
d. Rice planters, in particular, valued Jeffersonian republican simplicity.

a. Many elite planters considered themselves benevolent masters.

Which of these statements describes Southern rice planters of the mid-nineteenth century?

a. They were at the apex of the plantation aristocracy.
b. Rice planters avoided selling slaves or working slaves harshly.
c. Rice planters occupied the bottom rung of the plantation aristocracy.
d. They lived only in the Upper South.

a. They were at the apex of the plantation aristocracy.

Which of these statements describes the planter aristocrats who lived in the cotton-growing regions of the South in the mid-nineteenth century?

a. Cotton planters consciously rejected the luxurious lifestyles adopted by the rice-growing aristocracy.
b. Aristocratic planters took the lead in defending slavery as a benevolent social system.
c. Planter aristocrats in the Cotton Belt emphasized the hypocrisy of their Chesapeake counterparts.
d. Cotton-planting aristocrats increasingly avoided interference in the lives of their slaves.

b. Aristocratic planters took the lead in defending slavery as a benevolent social system.

The notion of slavery as a "necessary evil" and a "positive good" was supported by which idea?

a. In a slave-owning society, every free man is an aristocrat.
b. Slavery gave whites the psychological satisfaction of knowing they ranked above blacks.
c. Slavery allowed a civilized lifestyle for whites and cared for genetically inferior blacks.
d. Whites educated and Christianized slaves in return for their love, labor, and loyalty.

c. Slavery allowed a civilized lifestyle for whites and cared for genetically inferior blacks.

In the cotton-growing regions of the South, which of the following was true of the gang-labor system of work?

a. It allowed slaves to work individually and at their own pace.
b. The labor system was primarily used on plantations with twenty or fewer slaves.
c. Gang-labor depended upon the work of white overseers and black drivers.
d. The system controlled slave laborers without the use of violent discipline or punishment.

c. Gang-labor depended upon the work of white overseers and black drivers.

Which of the following statements describes the institution of slavery in the nineteenth-century South?

a. The percentage of white slave-owning families continually increased between 1800 and 1860.
b. Throughout the nineteenth century, most white southerners owned some slaves.
c. Slave gangs proved to be less efficient than those who worked more independently.
d. About 5 percent of southern whites owned 50 percent of the South's slave population.

d. About 5 percent of southern whites owned 50 percent of the South's slave population.

Smallholding planters in the nineteenth-century South owned about how many slaves, on average?

a. None
b. One to five
c. Eight to ten
d. Fifteen to twenty

b. One to five

Which of the following statements describes the class of propertyless whites living in the South in the mid-nineteenth century?

a. Propertyless whites directly benefited from the institution of slavery.
b. They worked hard physical jobs as day laborers and enjoyed little respect from other whites.
c. Planters courted their loyalty by providing gifts and small favors to their families.
d. Propertyless whites were free but lived in conditions worse than that of many slaves.

b. They worked hard physical jobs as day laborers and enjoyed little respect from other whites.

Which of these factors created a major economic obstacle for small, family farmers aiming to improve their lot in the mid-nineteenth-century South?

a. Competition from immigrant labor
b. Export taxes on their products
c. The cotton revolution
d. Poor distribution networks

c. The cotton revolution

Which of these groups accounted for the largest percentage of the white population in the mid-nineteenth-century Cotton South?

a. Plantation owners
b. Middling planters
c. Yeoman farmers
d. Tenant farmers and day laborers

d. Tenant farmers and day laborers

Why did the United States decline to annex Texas in 1837?

a. President Van Buren feared that annexation would spark an American civil war over the issue of slavery.
b. Texans refused to legalize slavery, which was the only condition on which southern politicians would accept Texan statehood.
c. President Van Buren could not convince the Whig-dominated Senate to accept the treaty.
d. The U.S. Congress refused annexation because it did not want to assume Texas' large Mexican population.

a. President Van Buren feared that annexation would spark an American civil war over the issue of slavery.

What prevented planter elites from exercising complete political dominance over the Cotton South in the 1830s and 1840s?

a. They lived in a republican society with democratic institutions that elicited input from all white men.
b. The Cotton Revolution increased resentment on the part of poor whites toward planters' power and position.
c. Plantation management required so much of their time that many planters had to refrain from political service.
d. The emergence of a new class of wealthy industrial elites in the South checked their power.

a. They lived in a republican society with democratic institutions that elicited input from all white men.

The Alabama Constitution of 1819 did which of the following?

a. Gave all taxpaying white men the right to vote
b. Eliminated the use of the secret ballot
c. Apportioned state legislative seats on the basis of a county's wealth
d. Made county supervisors and sheriffs elected positions

d. Made county supervisors and sheriffs elected positions

Which of the following statements describes the relationship between the economies of the North and the South in the mid-nineteenth century?

a. Both the South and the North had equally strong economies in 1860.
b. The wealth of the industrializing Northeast was increasing more quickly than that of the South.
c. Southerners' wealth in slaves made the South's economy ten times stronger than the North's.
d. The economy of the North was stronger and more prosperous than that of the South.

b. The wealth of the industrializing Northeast was increasing more quickly than that of the South.

What prevented white southerners from working to diversify their economy in the nineteenth century?

a. Southerners did not want to exploit white workers economically.
b. Wealthy southern investors believed agricultural labor was more virtuous than industrial labor.
c. Southerners resisted railroad construction because they believed it would divide large landholdings.
d. Wealthy planters believed that the plantation economy would continue to produce wealth indefinitely.

d. Wealthy planters believed that the plantation economy would continue to produce wealth indefinitely.

Which of the following examples embodied the synthesis of African and American culture that existed in the South in the 1850s?

a. Black evangelical Christianity
b. The success of slave resistance
c. Black and white children playing together
d. Sexual relations between slave women and their masters

a. Black evangelical Christianity

Which of these concepts became a central tenet of slave Christianity in the South in the nineteenth century?

a. Predestination
b. Original sin
c. Obedience to authority
d. All people as children of God

d. All people as children of God

Many African American slaves who converted to Christianity compared themselves to which of the following groups?

a. Native Americans
b. Mormons
c. Jews
d. The Irish

c. Jews

Which of these factors contributed to the development of an increasingly homogenous African American culture in the rural South in the nineteenth century?

a. Marriage patterns
b. Kinship relations
c. The domestic slave trade
d. The development of the Gullah dialect

c. The domestic slave trade

Which of the following statements characterizes African American marriage customs in the slave South?

a. Marriage between cousins was very common among plantation slaves.
b. African American marriage customs imitated those of white Christians.
c. Many slaves married and moved into their own cabins without their white owners' permission.
d. Slave couples often followed the African custom of "jumping the broom" to signify their union.

d. Slave couples often followed the African custom of "jumping the broom" to signify their union.

Children born in slave communities in the nineteenth-century South often shared which of these characteristics?

a. They were named after family members.
b. Children were removed from their families at age three.
c. They were raised by their grandmothers.
d. Children had few sources of support.

a. They were named after family members.

Which of the following were core institutions for African American society in the mid-nineteenth-century South?

a. Marriage and resistance movements
b. Church and family
c. The American Anti-Slavery Society and Christianity
d. Friendships and kinship

b. Church and family

Under the task system, slaves were required to

a. complete a precisely defined job each day.
b. perform the same repetitive tasks every day.
c. train their children to take over their tasks when they grew up.
d. punish their fellow slaves who did not perform adequately.

a. complete a precisely defined job each day.

Which of these factors prompted many plantation masters to reduce reliance on violence and adopt positive incentives to motivate slaves in the 1830s and 1840s?

a. Christian values
b. Domestic ideology
c. Abolitionist scrutiny
d. Frequent mass uprisings

c. Abolitionist scrutiny

Which of the following describes the changes in slaves' living conditions in the early nineteenth century?

a. Sexual abuse of black women increased because white males on the southwestern frontier knew the law would not punish them.
b. Blacks lost the few work privileges they had gained in the eighteenth century, especially in the lowlands of South Carolina.
c. Mutilations of black men increased as whites sought to deter runaways and slave revolts.
d. As blacks formed stronger social, family, and cultural ties, they resisted the breakup of families through sale by their owners.

d. As blacks formed stronger social, family, and cultural ties, they resisted the breakup of families through sale by their owners.

Which of the following methods was a highly uncommon form of slave resistance in the slave South?

a. Feigning illness
b. Large-scale uprisings
c. Running away
d. Individual acts of violence

b. Large-scale uprisings

Which of the following statements characterizes blacks' resistance to slavery by the 1820s?

a. Most slaves still clung to the hope of returning to Africa.
b. In their situation, most blacks had no choice but to build the best possible lives for themselves.
c. The frequency of escape to Spanish Florida and the frontier increased.
d. Many slaves planned or participated in revolts, knowing that some would be successful.

b. In their situation, most blacks had no choice but to build the best possible lives for themselves.

Slaves' practice of "taking root" involved which of the following?

a. Cultivating their own food crops in small yards after their workday
b. Adopting American culture and rejecting African influences
c. Forming fictive kinship relationships for social support
d. Building the best possible lives for themselves as slaves

d. Building the best possible lives for themselves as slaves

Which of these factors made enslaved African Americans reluctant to attempt to escape to the North?

a. Slaves internalized their inferiority and felt incapable of successful flight.
b. They hesitated to leave their families and communities behind.
c. Slaves' embrace of the Golden Rule led them to treat their masters well.
d. They knew that the civil war and abolitionism would come sooner rather than later.

b. They hesitated to leave their families and communities behind.

Which statement characterizes the typical relationship between slaves and their masters in the 1850s?

a. Slaves were investments and therefore were generally provided with clothes, shelter, and enough food to keep them healthy.
b. White women felt so guilty about their husbands' transgressions with female slaves that they treated those slave women with extra kindness.
c. Accounts of sexual contact between masters and their slaves were greatly exaggerated and rarely occurred.
d. Tobacco planters in Virginia usually treated their slaves more harshly than Mississippi cotton planters.

a. Slaves were investments and therefore were generally provided with clothes, shelter, and enough food to keep them healthy.

Which of these statements most accurately describes the experiences of free blacks in the early nineteenth-century United States?

a. Most held low-wage jobs as farmworkers, day laborers, or laundresses.
b. They constituted a majority of the African American population in the South by 1820.
c. Many free blacks would have settled in Africa had they been able to afford the trip.
d. Most northern states passed laws banning free blacks from owning or running a business.

a. Most held low-wage jobs as farmworkers, day laborers, or laundresses.

Which of the following pairs is properly matched?

a. Benjamin Banneker—mathematician and surveyor; helped lay out Washington, D.C.
b. Horace King—won praise for his portraiture
c. Joshua Johnston—wealthy businessman
d. Paul Cuffee—accused of slave revolt

a. Benjamin Banneker—mathematician and surveyor; helped lay out Washington, D.C.

Which of the following is true of free blacks in the South?

a. They became the backbone of the South's urban artisan workforce.
b. Their numbers decreased between 1800 and 1860.
c. Most free African Americans distanced themselves from the masses of impoverished slaves.
d. Most of them were forced to emigrate to the North because they were viewed as a threat to slavery.

a. They became the backbone of the South's urban artisan workforce.

In the nineteenth-century South, free blacks lived primarily

a. in rural Mississippi.
b. in the coastal cities and the Upper South.
c. in Tennessee.
d. near the Texas border.

b. in the coastal cities and the Upper South.