1.2 Recent History & Vital Stats & 1.3

2.10 million

number of farms in the US

1.8%

percentage of people that actively work on farms

corn

primary US food grain

bushel

weighs 56 lbs; varies based on moisture

US food animal production

biggest consumer of US feed production

2%

percentage of corporate owned farms in the US

hay

grasses that are dried to be stored

size

nutritional content of eggs is dependent on ____

free enterprise system

allows American farmers to be so productive

Morrill Act if 1862

provided for the establishment of one land grant institution in each state

Morrill Act of 1890

provided for the establishment of a second larger land grant for segregated souther states

Morrill Act of 1994

provided for the establishment of a tribal land grant in 12 western states

Hatch Act of 1887

provided for the establishment of an experiment station in each state

Smith-Lever Act of 1914

provided for the creation of the Extension Service

Clemson trustee from SC

Who was Lever?

1846

American Association for the advancement of Science was founded in ______

1855

when Michigan Agricultural College opened

pedigree breeding

breeding based off families

1889

when Clemson University was founded

NIMBY

not in my backyard

carcass

removed inedible organs, hair, head, hooves, horns

3-4 days

the US has a ____-_____ ______ supply of fresh meat in the system at any given time

gestation

time from conception to parturition

ruminant

animal with 4 compartments but only 1 true stomach

monogastric

animal with 1 stomach

hind-gut fermenter

monogastric with larger cecum

estrous cycle

period of receptivity

340 days; SPRING

gestation length and parturition time for horses

seasonal/long day

type of breeder (horses)

small intestine

primary site if nutrient absorption

draft, light, ponies, miniature

4 classes of horses based on hands

withers

where height is measured on a horse

work

drafts were bred for _____

abundant

lights are more ______ than every other breed of horse

Wimpey

first registered quarter horse

Texas

first quarter horse was developed in ____

sterile

mules are _____

tougher and slower

donkeys are ______ and _______ than horses

Hinny

stallion x jenny

zebu

_____ cattle are seen more in souther, humid states

polyestrous

not controlled by external forces; cycles every month

238 days

cattle gestation length

beef

edible cattle product > 9 months

veal

edible cattle product < 9 months

pillae

rumen has _____

land mass

raising beef cattle requires ____ _______

holstein

most popular dairy breed; black and white but can be red and white

jersey

second most popular dairy breed; best at producing milk products (cheese, butter fat, etc.)

cheese

US consumers drink less fluid milk every year, but eat more _______

marbling

intramuscular fat; gives beef cattle value

standard, select, choice, prime

classifications of beef

305 days

lactation length of cattle

colostrum

first milk produced after freshening; nourishes newborn offspring that is full of antibodies

day 0

when dairy calves are weaned

CAB (certified angus beef)

largest brand of beef

red angus

does not meet CAB specs

herefords

became the most predominant breed of cattle in the US after surviving the winter of 1886

scrub cattle

native florida cattle

maternal, moderate size, easy fleshing, fertility, milking ability, longevity, marbling

pros of british cattle

lower performance, less muscle, fat

cons of bristish cattle

europe

continental cattle descended from where

charolais

always solid white, extremely heavy muscle and lean

simmental

primarily black

limousin

heaviest muscle and leanest

belgian blue

freakishly muscled, cannot give birth to own animals naturally

hip

cattle are measured at the _____

heavy muscled, high performing, maternal, leaner

pros of continental cattle

maternal mortality, less marbling, slower maturing, fertility, mature size

cons of continental cattle

dystocia

difficult birth

hump on shoulder, loose hide, more dewlap, sheath, and naval flap, floppy ears, well developed sweat glands, heat tolerance

characteristics of bos indicus cattle

heat, insect, and disease tolerance, heterosis, adaptability, maternal

pros of bos indicus cattle

disposition, carcass traits (calpastatin), marketability, fertility

cons of bos indicus cattle

heterosis

higher performing than straight bred counter part

disposition

hard to hand; don't perform well

"Aging a beef carcass"

tenderizing by breaking down proteins; produces more palliative product

ABBA

American Brahman Breeding Association

American Brahman

developed in the US and is a composite of 4 South American breeds

composite/synthetic breeds

developed by crossbreeding Brahman with Bristish and Continental breeds

Santa Gertrudis

first synthetic breed; developed on King Ranch; 5/8 Shorthorn, 3/8 Brahman; named "Monkey"

Beefmaster

developed by Tom Lasiter in Texas by crossing Brahman, Hereford, & Shorthorn

sheep digestive system/ gestation length

ruminant; 147 days

repro. cycle of sheep

seasonally polyestrous; short day breeder

CIDR

controlled intravaginal drug release

pork

most widely consumes animal across the world

goat

most consumed country to country

mulesing

removing skin around breeches and reproductive areas and anus of sheep in an attempt to prevent flystrike

PETA's stated mission statement

"The abolition of animal agriculture"

goat gestation length and details

153 days; polyestrous, loosely seasonal

pig gestation and details

115 days; polyestrous and lactational anestrous

lactation anestrous

not cycling while offspring are suckling

synchronizing sow

weaning a sow and moving her piglets and then she will cycle in 4 days

color genes have been identified and manipulated

color genes in swine do not matter now because...

white line pigs

maternal pigs

dark line pigs

meat pigs

PIC

Pig Improvement Company

farrowing house/crate

where pigs farrow; keep mother from killing her piglets

PPSY

pigs per sow per year

PPS

procine stress syndrom; fatal in swine

PSE (pale, soft, and exudative)

PSS cause ___ carcassess

pietrains

muscle master pigs; drug genetic problems