Studied by 10 people
WHIMS
Workplace hazardous materials information system
Matter
anything that has mass and takes up space
Polyatomic ion
cluster of atoms that act like single unit in a chemical compound
Element
an atom that can't be broken down into simpler substances
Compound
2 or more united elements, that can be separated chemically into simpler elements
what's Heterogenous mixture
-composition varies
different parts of mixture are visible
what's a homogenous mixture
different parts aren't visible
composition is constant
Nucleus
positively charged core of an atom is made up of protons and neutrons
what is an electron
located outside nucleus
negative charge
(???) can be lost, shared or gained
what is a neutron
located in the nucleus
no electrical charge
helps stabilize structure of an atom
what is a proton
located in nucleus of an atom
positive charge
number of (???) same as atomic number, determines its properties
mass number
average mass of all isotopes of an atom ( and # of protons, neutrons)
valence electrons
the electrons in the last energy level (orbital or ring) of an atom
electron dot diagram (lewis dot diagram)
diagram displaying symbol and number of valence electrons
what is an ion
charged atom where electrons aren't the same as protons
either positive or negative
what is a cation
an ion with positive charge ( lost electrons )
what is a anion
an ion with negative charge (gained electrons )
ionic compound
compounds made of ions
molecular compound
made up of two nonmetals that form molecules by sharing electrons (covalent bonds)
valence energy level
the last energy level of an atom
what's crystal lattice
regular repeating patterns of ions in an ionic compound
ionic bond
a bond between ions, valence electrons transferred, attraction of opposite charges( bonds are strong)
covalent bond
a bond between molecules, no transfer, valence electrons are shared ( bonds are weak)
physical properties
anything causes a physical change
(ex: colour, density, melting point, boiling point, state of matter)
chemical properties
how one substance reacts with another
only identifiable once substance goes through chemical reaction
Chemistry
study of matter and changes it undergoes
who invented the periodic table and related info
Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869
created periodic table from pattern he saw in 56 elements
left gaps that were filled in as new elements were discovered
How is the periodic table organized
in groups (families) and periods
what is a group
aka families
vertical columns
(1-18) 18 (???) of them
elements in each (???) have similar chemical properties
what is a period
horizontal rows
7 periods
properties of metals
good conductors of electricity & heat
solids at room temp, except mercury
positive ions
give away electrons
properties of non-metals
poor conductors of heat and electricity
can be any state at room temp
negative ions
accept electrons
properties of metalloids
have properties that fall between metals and nonmetals
may / may not form ions -staircase elements
list the families
[group 1]- alkali metals [group 2] - alkaline earth metals [group 3-12] - transition metals [period 6] - lanthanides [period 7] -actinidines [group 17] - halogens [group 18] - nobles gases
what family is in group 1
the alkai metals
list the properties of the Alkali metals
group 1
sliver coloured
very reactive -reactivity increases going down -react violently with water
list the properties of alkali earth metals
group 2
react with oxygen forming oxides
quite reactive
family is in group 2
the alkali earth metals
list the properties of transition metals
groups 3-12 -contain "coinage" metals -common metals
what family is in groups 3-12
the transition metals
what family is in period 6
the lanthanides
list properties of lanthanides
period 6
starts with lanthanum
what family is in period 7
the actinides
list the properties of the actinides
period 7
starts with actinium
what family is in group 17
the halogens
list the properties of the halogens
group 17
solids, liquids, gases
extremely reactive
reactivity decreases down the group
react with metals to form salts
react with hydrogen to form acids
what family is in group 18
the noble gases
list the properties of the noble gases
group 18
colourless gases
very low reactivity
all elements above 93 are_________?
synthetic, only formed in lab for a very short time
list the noble gases
Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon, Radon
list the halogens
Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, Astatine
list the alkai earth metals
Beryllium, Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium, Barium, Radium
list the alkai metals
Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Cesium, Franicum
what is an atom
building blocks of all substances
broken into 3 parts
protons
neutrons
electrons
what is the charge of an ATOM
neutral
what does the atomic number tell you
number of protons and electrons in an atom
how do you calculate the mass
why do we disregard the mass of electrons when calculating atomic mass?
electrons are so small, so we assume that a proton and neutron are worth 1 atomic unit (AMU)
where is the atomic number found
above the element symbol
where is the atomic mass found
below the element symbol
what is an isotope
an atom of the same element that has same number of protons but different number of neutrons
what is nuclear notation?
aka isotope notation, used to represent the different isotopes of an atom
top number is the mass number
bottom number is number of protons
cations are always?
metals
anions are always?
non-metals
what's a stable octet (aka full octet)
when the last energy level has 8 electrons, meaning its full and stable
what's a mixture
combo of matter that can be separated by physical means
mixtures don't have a __________ composition?
definite
what's a pure substance
substance with a definite composition
what's a binary ionic compound
made up of 2 elements
formed between nonmetal and metal
strong bonds cuz of oppositely charged ions
how does electron transfer of ionic compounds work?
2 elements react, valence electrons from metal transferred to nonmetal forming ionic bond
what are the elements never found by themselves in nature?
hydrogen - H2 fluorine -F2 iodine - I2 oxygen - 02 chlorine - Cl2 astatine - At2 nitrogen - N2 bromine - Br2 phosphorus - P4 sulphur - S8
what does the period number tell you
the number of orbitals ( energy rings)
what does the group number tell you
the number of valence electrons ( electrons filling the last ring)
what is an acid
compound that dissolves into water forms a solution with a PH lower than 7 often contain hydrogen
what's a base
compound that dissolves into water, forms a solution with a PH greater than 7 often contain hydroxide
properties of acids?
taste sour
aren't slippery
PH less than 7
Conductive
properties of bases?
-taste bitter
slippery
PH greater than 7
conductive
how do bases react to indicators
turns red litmus paper blue
turns bromythal blue, blue
is a bluish purple on universal indicator
turns phenolphthalein pink
how do acids react to indicators
turns blue litmus paper red
is reddish pink on universal indicator
turns bromoythal blue, yellow
phenolphthalein stay colorless
whats the PH scale
measure of how basic or acidic a solution is, with 0 being extremely acidic, 14 emtremely basic and 7 neutral
what's solubility?
ability of substance to dissolve in a certain solvent
define insolubility
meaning substance can't dissolve into a solvent
what's a precipitate?
solids (insoluble substances)
what's dissociation?
the splitting of ions of an ionic compound in water
what happens to the crystal lattice structure in dissociation?
the lattice breaks apart and ions are free to move around in solvent
what can happen when two ionic compounds are placed in water?
a precipitate can form between the free ions of the compounds
what's an exothermic reaction
where there's a release of energy and energy is a product
what's an endothermic reaction?
where there's an absorption of energy and energy is a reactant
the breaking of bonds is _____________?
endothermic
the forming of new chemical bonds is_______________?
exothermic
what's the law of conservation of energy
energy can be converted into different forms, BUT the total energy of the universe stays the same
what's the law of conservation of mass
total mass of reacting ( reactants) substances is always equal to the mass of resulting (products) substances
what are the exceptions to the acid naming rules?
organic compounds ( made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen mainly) - when writing formula don't have to start with hydrogen
sulfur ( add "ur" before the "ic" or "ous" when classically naming)
phosphorus ( add "or" before the "ic" or "ous" when classically naming)
chemical reaction
a reaction that happens due to one or more substances changing to form different substances
involves a change of energy (ex; temp change, emission of light, emission of sound, electrical energy)
chemical change
one or more substances changing to form different substances
how to know if a chemical change has occurred?
two of more of the evidences are apparent: odour change, colour change, formation of a gas, formation of a precipitate, etc
what's the best indicator of chemical reaction
a new substance is formed and cannot be reversed
in chemical reactions what needs to happen to energy?
be either absorbed or released
in a chemical equation the arrow signifies what?
the direction a reaction is going from the reactants and the products
chemical equations consist of ?
3 parts... reactants, products and the arrow that separates them
Note
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