Unit one: Energy and matter, lesson 1-13

WHIMS

Workplace hazardous materials information system

Matter

anything that has mass and takes up space

Polyatomic ion

cluster of atoms that act like single unit in a chemical compound

Element

an atom that can't be broken down into simpler substances

Compound

2 or more united elements, that can be separated chemically into simpler elements

what's Heterogenous mixture

-composition varies
- different parts of mixture are visible

what's a homogenous mixture

- different parts aren't visible
- composition is constant

Nucleus

positively charged core of an atom is made up of protons and neutrons

what is an electron

- located outside nucleus
- negative charge
- (???) can be lost, shared or gained

what is a neutron

- located in the nucleus
- no electrical charge
- helps stabilize structure of an atom

what is a proton

- located in nucleus of an atom
- positive charge
- number of (???) same as atomic number, determines its properties

mass number

average mass of all isotopes of an atom ( and # of protons, neutrons)

valence electrons

the electrons in the last energy level (orbital or ring) of an atom

electron dot diagram (lewis dot diagram)

diagram displaying symbol and number of valence electrons

what is an ion

- charged atom where electrons aren't the same as protons
- either positive or negative
-

what is a cation

an ion with positive charge ( lost electrons )

what is a anion

an ion with negative charge (gained electrons )

ionic compound

compounds made of ions

molecular compound

made up of two nonmetals that form molecules by sharing electrons (covalent bonds)

valence energy level

the last energy level of an atom

what's crystal lattice

regular repeating patterns of ions in an ionic compound

ionic bond

a bond between ions, valence electrons transferred, attraction of opposite charges( bonds are strong)

covalent bond

a bond between molecules, no transfer, valence electrons are shared ( bonds are weak)

physical properties

anything causes a physical change

(ex: colour, density, melting point, boiling point, state of matter)

chemical properties

- how one substance reacts with another

- only identifiable once substance goes through chemical reaction

Chemistry

study of matter and changes it undergoes

who invented the periodic table and related info

- Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869
- created periodic table from pattern he saw in 56 elements
- left gaps that were filled in as new elements were discovered

How is the periodic table organized

in groups (families) and periods

what is a group

- aka families
- vertical columns
- (1-18) 18 (???) of them
- elements in each (???) have similar chemical properties

what is a period

- horizontal rows
- 7 periods

properties of metals

- good conductors of electricity &
heat
- solids at room temp, except
mercury
- positive ions
- give away electrons

properties of non-metals

- poor conductors of heat and electricity
- can be any state at room temp
- negative ions
- accept electrons

properties of metalloids

- have properties that fall between metals and nonmetals
- may / may not form ions
-staircase elements

list the families

[group 1]- alkali metals
[group 2] - alkaline earth metals
[group 3-12] - transition metals
[period 6] - lanthanides
[period 7] -actinidines
[group 17] - halogens
[group 18] - nobles gases

what family is in group 1

the alkai metals

list the properties of the Alkali metals

- group 1
- sliver coloured
- very reactive
-reactivity increases going down
-react violently with water

list the properties of alkali earth metals

- group 2
- react with oxygen forming oxides
- quite reactive

family is in group 2

the alkali earth metals

list the properties of transition metals

- groups 3-12
-contain "coinage" metals
-common metals

what family is in groups 3-12

the transition metals

what family is in period 6

the lanthanides

list properties of lanthanides

- period 6
- starts with lanthanum

what family is in period 7

the actinides

list the properties of the actinides

- period 7
- starts with actinium

what family is in group 17

the halogens

list the properties of the halogens

- group 17
- solids, liquids, gases
- extremely reactive
- reactivity decreases down the group
- react with metals to form salts
- react with hydrogen to form acids

what family is in group 18

the noble gases

list the properties of the noble gases

- group 18
- colourless gases
- very low reactivity

all elements above 93 are_________?

synthetic, only formed in lab for a very short time

list the noble gases

Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon, Radon

list the halogens

Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, Astatine

list the alkai earth metals

Beryllium, Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium, Barium, Radium

list the alkai metals

Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Cesium, Franicum

what is an atom

- building blocks of all substances
- broken into 3 parts
1. protons
2. neutrons
3. electrons

what is the charge of an ATOM

neutral

what does the atomic number tell you

number of protons and electrons in an atom

how do you calculate the mass

# protons + # neutrons = mass number

why do we disregard the mass of electrons when calculating atomic mass?

electrons are so small, so we assume that a proton and neutron are worth 1 atomic unit (AMU)

where is the atomic number found

above the element symbol

where is the atomic mass found

below the element symbol

what is an isotope

an atom of the same element that has same number of protons but different number of neutrons

what is nuclear notation?

aka isotope notation, used to represent the different isotopes of an atom

* top number is the mass number


* bottom number is number of protons

cations are always?

metals

anions are always?

non-metals

what's a stable octet (aka full octet)

when the last energy level has 8 electrons, meaning its full and stable

what's a mixture

combo of matter that can be separated by physical means

mixtures don't have a __________ composition?

definite

what's a pure substance

substance with a definite composition

what's a binary ionic compound

- made up of 2 elements
- formed between nonmetal and metal
- strong bonds cuz of oppositely charged ions

how does electron transfer of ionic compounds work?

2 elements react, valence electrons from metal transferred to nonmetal forming ionic bond

what are the elements never found by themselves in nature?

hydrogen - H2
fluorine -F2
iodine - I2
oxygen - 02
chlorine - Cl2
astatine - At2
nitrogen - N2
bromine - Br2
phosphorus - P4
sulphur - S8

what does the period number tell you

the number of orbitals ( energy rings)

what does the group number tell you

the number of valence electrons ( electrons filling the last ring)

what is an acid

compound that dissolves into water
forms a solution with a PH lower than 7
often contain hydrogen

what's a base

compound that dissolves into water,
forms a solution with a PH greater than 7
often contain hydroxide

properties of acids?

- taste sour
- aren't slippery
- PH less than 7
- Conductive

properties of bases?

-taste bitter
- slippery
- PH greater than 7
- conductive

how do bases react to indicators

* turns red litmus paper blue
* turns bromythal blue, blue
* is a bluish purple on universal indicator
* turns phenolphthalein pink

how do acids react to indicators

* turns blue litmus paper red
* is reddish pink on universal indicator
* turns bromoythal blue, yellow
* phenolphthalein stay colorless

whats the PH scale

measure of how basic or acidic a solution is, with 0 being extremely acidic, 14 emtremely basic and 7 neutral

what's solubility?

ability of substance to dissolve in a certain solvent

define insolubility

meaning substance can't dissolve into a solvent

what's a precipitate?

solids (insoluble substances)

what's dissociation?

the splitting of ions of an ionic compound in water

what happens to the crystal lattice structure in dissociation?

the lattice breaks apart and ions are free to move around in solvent

what can happen when two ionic compounds are placed in water?

a precipitate can form between the free ions of the compounds

what's an exothermic reaction

where there's a release of energy and energy is a product

what's an endothermic reaction?

where there's an absorption of energy and energy is a reactant

the breaking of bonds is _____________?

endothermic

the forming of new chemical bonds is_______________?

exothermic

what's the law of conservation of energy

energy can be converted into different forms, BUT the total energy of the universe stays the same

what's the law of conservation of mass

total mass of reacting ( reactants) substances is always equal to the mass of resulting (products) substances

what are the exceptions to the acid naming rules?

- organic compounds ( made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen mainly) - when writing formula don't have to start with hydrogen
- sulfur ( add "ur" before the "ic" or "ous" when classically naming)
- phosphorus ( add "or" before the "ic" or "ous" when classically naming)

chemical reaction

a reaction that happens due to one or more substances changing to form different substances
- involves a change of energy (ex; temp change, emission of light, emission of sound, electrical energy)

chemical change

one or more substances changing to form different substances

how to know if a chemical change has occurred?

two of more of the evidences are apparent:
odour change, colour change, formation of a gas, formation of a precipitate, etc

what's the best indicator of chemical reaction

a new substance is formed and cannot be reversed

in chemical reactions what needs to happen to energy?

be either absorbed or released

in a chemical equation the arrow signifies what?

the direction a reaction is going from the reactants and the products

chemical equations consist of ?

3 parts... reactants, products and the arrow that separates them