ANT 201 Quiz 2

studied byStudied by 1 person
0.0(0)
Get a hint
Hint

Gregor Mendel

1 / 52

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

53 Terms

1

Gregor Mendel

systematically bred pea plants, focused on traits that have two forms, studied results of crosses

New cards
2

sex chromosomes

X and Y chromosomes (2)

New cards
3

autosomes

all chromosomes except sex chromosomes (22 pairs)

New cards
4

diploid number

total chromosomes in somatic cells

New cards
5

RNA

DNA is the template for the making of

New cards
6

proteins

RNA is the template for the making of

New cards
7

DNA

stuff genes are made of

New cards
8

genes

section of DNA with identifiable structure or function, chromosomes

New cards
9

alleles

one of two or more alternative versions of the same gene

New cards
10

dominant

an allele that results in the same phenotypes whether in the homozygous or the heterozygous state

New cards
11

microevolution

evolution on a small scale - usually within a single population

New cards
12

macroevolution

the evolution of whole taxonomic groups over long periods of time

New cards
13

phenotype

the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, as determined by both genetic makeup and environmental influences

New cards
14

recessive

an allele that is only expressed in the homozygous genotype

New cards
15

codominance

both alleles are expressed and contribute to the phenotype

New cards
16

incomplete dominance

Both alleles are expressed as a blended phenotype

New cards
17

Evolution

changes in allele frequencies in a population over time

New cards
18

forces of evolution

processes that cause “changes over time”

New cards
19

Natural Selection

  • Selection of favored forms through differential reproductive success

  • Some individuals leave more offspring than others

  • Selection for this advantageous traits will produce adaptations

  • Acts on the individual “phenotype”

New cards
20

Mutation

  • A change in population allele frequencies by errors in DNA replication

  • Some errors may be beneficial, harmful or simply neutral

  • Ultimate source of variation in a population for natural selection to act on

New cards
21

Genetic Drift

  • A change in population allele frequencies by random change

  • Over time, this sampling variation will lead to “fixation” with only one allele remaining

  • The “founder effect” is an example of genetic drift, where a daughter population is representative of the original population

  • Rare alleles may be overrepresented

New cards
22

Gene Flow

  • The exchange of alleles between populations

  • Has a homogenizing effect. By making populations more similar to one another

  • Disruption of gene flow may eventually lead to speciation (formation of distinct species)

New cards
23

proteins

long strips of amino acids bond together to form long peptide chains

New cards
24

Transcription

DNA unzips and mRNA transcribes information and carries it to the ribosome

New cards
25

translation

mRNA is read at ribosome and tRNA binds specific amino acids

New cards
26

mitosis

somatic cells, produces two exact replicas, basis for cellular proliferation

New cards
27

meiosis

sex cells, produces gametes, crossing over, recombination

New cards
28

independent assortment

the changes of inheriting a certain allele don't depend on inheriting a different allele

New cards
29

linkage

genes on same chromosome tend to stay together

New cards
30

population genetics

study of the processes that change gene frequencies

New cards
31

individual phenotypes

natural selection acts on ...

New cards
32

evolutionary change

occurs when the genetic composition of population changes over time

New cards
33

adaptation

occurs when phenotypes are linked to genotypes and traits are inherited

New cards
34

gene accounting

tracking genetic composition of a population through time

New cards
35

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

random mating and inheritance alone do not change allele frequency but stabilize genotype frequency. variation is not lost

New cards
36

polygenic

many genes contribute to a single effect, continuous variations

New cards
37

pleiotropy

one gene with multiple effects

New cards
38

Hardy-Weinberg principle

states that under certain assumptions, both the frequencies of alleles as well as the frequencies of genotypes, will remain constant from generation to generation, no evolutionary forces

New cards
39

heterozygosity

  • the state of being heterozygous; having two different alleles of the same gene

  • correspond to lower risks of reinforcing rare deleterious variants, leading to protection from disease

New cards
40

founder effect

the reduced genetic diversity which results when a population is descended from a small number of colonizing ancestors

New cards
41

genetic bottleneck

occurs when a population is greatly reduced in size

New cards
42

microevolution

how populations change under the influence of natural selection and other evolutionary forces

New cards
43

macroevolution

how new species and higher taxa are created

New cards
44

evolutionary theory

how new species, genera, families, and higher grouping come into existence

New cards
45

biological species concept

biological species as a group of organisms that interbreed in nature and are reproductively isolated

New cards
46

reproductive isolation

members of a given group of organisms do not ate successfully with organisms outside the group

New cards
47

ecological species concept

emphasizes the role of natural selection in creating and maintaining species

New cards
48

allopatric speciation

occurs when a population is divided by some barrier and different parts of the population adapt to different enviornments

New cards
49

character displacement

may occur if competition over food, mates, or other resources increases the morphological differences between the immigrants and residents

New cards
50

diverge

two 'new' species, reproductive isolation

New cards
51

reinforcement

acts to reduce the extent of gene flow between populations

New cards
52

parametric speciation

selection alone is not sufficient to produce a new species, but new species can be formed if selection is combined with partial genetic isolation

New cards
53

sympatric speciation

strong selection favoring different phenotypes can lead to speciation even when there is no geographic separation and initially there is extensive gene flow among individuals in the population

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 15 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 48 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 18 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 2650 people
... ago
4.9(37)
note Note
studied byStudied by 34 people
... ago
5.0(3)
note Note
studied byStudied by 76 people
... ago
5.0(2)
note Note
studied byStudied by 55 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 18 people
... ago
5.0(1)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard (162)
studied byStudied by 7 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (52)
studied byStudied by 31 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (109)
studied byStudied by 22 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (36)
studied byStudied by 1 person
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (57)
studied byStudied by 884 people
... ago
4.4(7)
flashcards Flashcard (25)
studied byStudied by 5 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (27)
studied byStudied by 9 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (193)
studied byStudied by 20 people
... ago
5.0(2)
robot