Anthropolgy Test 2

Sexuality

The complex range of desires, beliefs and behaviors related to erotic physical intimacy AND the cultural arena in which people debate ideas of what kinds of behaviors are morally right and appropriate.

Jared Diamond

Created a list of ways human sexuality differs from animals

Mati Women

women who form intimate relationships with other women, but also have relationships with men for the purpose of financial support and children

Gloria Wekker

Studied Mati women in Suriname

Roger Lancaster

Studied machismo in Nicaragua

Anne Alison

studied hostess clubs in corporate Japan

Sexology

Study of sexuality, created by Alfred Kinsey

Chrys Ingram

studied white weddings

Kinship

system of meaning and power created ti determine who is related and to define their mutual responsibilities, rights and expectations.

descent

Tracks blood relatives

Ambilineal descent

Tracks both fathers and mothers lines

lineage

the descendants of one individual with proven descent records

Clan

Descent group that claims common descent but does not need to prove it

Evans Prichard

Studied the nuer of southern sudans clan groups

kinship system

the system of social relationships that constitute kinship in a particular culture

affinial ties

kinship relationships established through marriage or alliance

marriage

socially recognized relationships that may involve physical and emotional/sexual intimacy, raising of children, support, and legal rights

Arranged marriage

Marriage for social status

Companionate marriage

Marriage for love

polyandry

having more than one husband at a time

polygyny

having more than one wife at a time

bridewealth

funds from grooms family to brides

dowry

money or property brought by a woman to her husband at marriage

Langkawi of malaysia

Culture that holds the idea that blood becomes more similar by eating together and living under one roof

Carol Stack

Studied kinship systems in the projects in Chicago

Susan Cahn

Studies how artificial pregnancy and fertility clinics influence who is Jewish in Israel

Nuclear Family

Less than 21% of households

economy

A cultural adaptation to the environment that enables a group if humans i use available land, resources, and labor to satisfy their needs

Reciprocity

mutual exchange of commercial or other privileges among people of similar statuses

Generalized reciprocity

exchanges in which value is not calculated and no timed repayment

balance reciprocity

includes norms about giving, accepting, and reciprocating. Occurs between people who are less aquainted

negative reciprocity

parties seeks to gain more than they give, occurs between strangers

Market exchange

exchange of goods and services for currency

Modernization theories

predicted poor countries would industrialize like europe

Development

strategy of wealthy nations to spur economic growth of former colonies with financial aid. (UN, World Bank)

Dependency Theory

notion that resources flow from a "periphery" of poor and underdeveloped states to a "core" of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former.

underdevelopment

suggested countries were poor because of their designated role in the global economy despite whatever natural resources they had

Neoliberalism

Sees the free market as the main mechanism for economic growth with a severely restricted role of the government. Provides little to no social mobility, results in the instability of the stock market and privatization of public assets. Promotes uneven development

keynesianism

the economic theories of John Maynard Keynes who advocated government monetary and fiscal programs intended to stimulate business activity and increase employment

class

system of power based on wealth, status, and income. Creates unequal distribution

prestige

a high standing achieved through success or influence or wealth etc (Max Weber)

life chances

opportunities individuals have to improve their quality of life (max Weber)

Pierre Bordieu

Social mobility, social reproduction, habitus, cultural capital

habitus

Dispositions, taste, perceptions, that shape conceptions of the world

Cultural capital

knowledge, habits, taste, that people can use to gain access to rescources

ethnicity

A sense of cultural, historical, and sometimes ancestral connection to a group of people who are imagined to be distinct from the outside group

ethnic boundary marker

a practice or belief used to signify who is and who is not, may change over time

Situational negotiation of identity

Idea that an individuals sense of identity can shift based on their environment, and who they are around

Identity entrepreneurs

political, military or religious leaders who promote a worldview throught the lense of ethnicity and use war, propaganda, and state power to mobilize people against those whom they perceive as a danger

genocide

the deliberate and systematic destruction of an ethnic or religious group

Ethnic cleansing

efforts by representatives or one ethnic or religious group to remove or destroy another group in a particular geographic area

multiculturalism

A pattern of ethnic relations in which new immigrants and their children enculturate into the dominate national culture and yet retain an ethnic culture

State

an autonomous regional structure of political, economic, and military rule with a central government authorized to make laws and use force to maintain order and defend its territory

nation-state

a political entity, located within a geographic territory with enforced borders where the population shares a sense of culture, ancestry, and destiny as a people

nation

a term once used t describe a group of people who shared a place of origin; used interchangeably with nation-state

Nationalism

the desire of an ethnic community to create and or maintain a nation-state

imagined community

the invented sense of connection and shared traditions that underlies identification with a particular ethnic groups or nation whose members likely will never all meet

diaspora

a group of people living outside their ancestral homeland yet maintaining emotional and material ties to home