Biology: Chapter 31-32 - Plants

31: Plant Structure, Growth, and Reproduction

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An \__________ is a type of plant that produces flowers and fruits, and has seeds enclosed within an ovary. They are the most diverse and widespread group of plants on Earth, and include trees, shrubs, herbs, and grasses. Angiosperms are also known as flowering plants and play a crucial role in the ecosystem by providing food, shelter, and oxygen to other organisms.

angiosperms

What are the two groups of angiosperms?

Monocots and the eudicots

Seed leaves or embryonic leaves are known as...

Cotyledons

A flowering plant whose embryos have a single cotyledon is known as a \_____.

Monocot

A flowering plant whose embryo has two seed leaves are known as \______.

Eudicot

Eudicot veins are typically \_____ whilst monocot veins are typically \_______.

Branched; parallel

Vascular tissue in monocots are \_____ whilst in eudicots they are \______.

Scattered; Rings

Roots in monocots are \_____ whilst in eudicots they typically have a \_____.

Fibrous; Taproot

What are the three organs in a plant body?

Roots, stems, and leaves

An \______ consists of several types of tissues that together carry out particular functions.

Organ

A \______ is an organ that anchors a plant into the soil, absorbs, and transports minerals and water, and stores carbohydrates.

Root

Together, all the roots of a plant form the \________.

Root system

\_______ are tiny, finger like projections of roots that increase a root's surface area to allow for the efficient absorption of water and other minerals.

Root hairs

The \______ of a plant is made up of stems, leaves, and structures for reproduction (flowers).

Shoot system

The \_______ are the plant organs that bear leaves and buds.

Stems

A stem has \_____, which is where leaves are attached, and \_____, the portion of the stem between the nodes.

Nodes and internodes

The \______ are the main photosynthetic organs.

Leaves

Leaves contain a flattened \_____, and a \______ or petiole which joins the leaf to a node of the stem.

Blade; stalk

When a plant stem is growing in length the \_______, or apical bud, at the tip of the stem develops leaves.

Terminal bud

The \_________, are dormant bud that are inhibited by the growth of apical buds.

Axillary buds

\_____ is the phenomenon where the terminal/apical bud at the tip of a plant stem inhibits the growth of axillary buds, this increases the plants exposure to light.

apical dominance

The strawberry plant has a horizontal modified stem known as a \______.

Stolon

A \_______ is a modified stem that grows horizontally underground, producing roots and shoots at intervals.

rhizomes

\_______ are an enlargement at the end of rhizomes where food is stored.

Tuber

Modified leaves known as \______ help vines cling to solid structures.

Tendrils

A \______ is a group of cells that together perform a specialized function.

Tissue

What are the two tissues present in a plant body?

Xylem and phloem tissue

\______ tissue conveys water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots.

Xylem

\_______ tissue transports sugars and other organic nutrients from storage tissues to other parts of the plant.

Phloem

What are the three tissue system that make up each plant organ?

Dermal, Vascular, and Ground

\______ is the tissue system made of the epidermis and cuticle that is the protective covering of plants.

Dermal Tissue System

The \__________ is the outermost layer of cells in a plant that serves as a protective barrier against physical damage and water loss.

epidermis

Dermal cells secrete a waxy coating known as the \______ to prevent water loss.

Cuticle

\___________ is formed by the xylem and phloem and specializes in transportation.

Vascular tissue system

The \___________ is the plant tissue system responsible for photosynthesis, storage, and support. It is composed of three types of cells: parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma.

ground tissue system

\_____ , which is part of the ground tissue system, fills the center of the stem and may store food.

Pith

\_____ is the part of the ground tissue system that is between the vascular tissue and the outermost layer of a root.

Cortex

The innermost layer of the cortex is the \________, which serves a selective barrier to regulate substances between the cortex and vascular tissue.

Endodermis

The \___________ is a central column of vascular tissue in the roots of most plants, consisting of xylem and phloem.

Vascular Cylinder

A \____________ is a part of a plant's transport system that consists of xylem and phloem tissues bundled together.

vascular bundles

The epidermis in plants are interrupted by tiny pores known as \________.

Stomata

Each stoma is flanked by two \_______ that regulate the opening and closing of the stoma.

Guard cells

The \__________ also known as the ground tissue system of the leaf, consists of cells specialized for photosynthesis.

Mesophyll

Leaf's vascular tissue system is made of \_______, which are vascular bundles surrounded by a protective covering.

veins

What are the three unique structures of plants?

Chloroplasts, vacuole, and cell wall

What are the two cell walls?

Primary cell wall and the rigid secondary cell wall.

The primary cell wall of adjacent cells are held together by a sticky layer known as the \_________.

Middle lamella

\______, where the cell wall is relatively thin, allows water to migrate in between adjacent cells.

Pits

\_______ are open channels in adjacent cell walls through which cytoplasm and various molecules can flow from cell to cell.

Plasmodesmata

What are the five plant cells?

Parenchyma, Collenchyma Sclerenchyma, (fiber and sclereids), Tracheids, and Vessel elements.

\________ most abundant cell that preforms metabolic functions and can give rise to other cells; only have thin primary walls.

Parenchyma Cells

\_______ are elongated plant cells with thickened primary cell walls that provide support to growing plant parts.

Collenchyma cells

\_______ are a type of plant cell that provide structural support and protection to the plant. They have thick, lignified secondary cell walls.

Sclerenchyma cells

What are the two types of sclerenchyma cells?

Fiber and sclereids

\________ cells are long and slender and arranged in strands.

Fiber

\_______cell are short and have very hard secondary walls which impact the hardness to seed coats.

Sclereids

Xylem tissue includes two types of tubular water-conducting cells known as...

Tracheids and vessel elements

A \___________ is a type of water-conducting cell found in the xylem of vascular plants, characterized by its long, thin shape and tapered ends.

tracheids

\___ are specialized cells found in the xylem tissue of plants that are responsible for the transport of water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.

vessel elements

\_______are specialized cells found in phloem tissue that are responsible for transporting food throughout the plant.

sieve tube elements

The end walls between sieve tube elements are known as \______.

Sieve plates

\______ is a specialized type of plant cell that is connected to a sieve tube element cell via plasmodesmata and helps in the transport of protein throughout the plant.

companion cell

Plants have (indeterminate/determinate) growth.

Indeterminate

Flowering plants are categorized as \____, __, or \_____.

Annuals, biennials, or perennials

Plants can keep growing because of \______, which is pant tissue made of undifferentiated cells that can divide to create new cells.

Meristems

Meristems at the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots are called \_______.

apical meristems

Cell division in the apical meristems produce new cells that enable a plant to lengthen in a process known as \_____.

Primary growth

Apical meristems are protected by \_____, which are found at the tip of a plant root.

Root cap

What are the three zones of growth?

Differentiation, elongation, and cell division

Woody plants grow in diameter in a process known as \________.

Secondary growth

Secondary growth is caused by \________, which are organized into the vascular cambium and cork cambium.

Lateral meristems

The \_______ produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem.

Vascular Cambium

Secondary xylem makes up the \_______ of a tree, shrub, or vine, as well as growth rings.

Wood

When secondary growth begins, the epidermis is shed and replaced with a outer layer of \_______, which have thick, waxy walls.

Cork

Cork cells are produced by the \______ during secondary growth.

Cork cambium

\______ is made up of secondary phloem, cork cambium, and the cork.

Bark

\________ are columns of parenchyma cells that radiate from the center of a log and transport water to other tissues.

Wood ray

\______ is found in the center of the trunk.

Heartwood

\______ is younger secondary xylem that conducts xylem fluid (sap).

sapwood

What are the four modified leaves known as floral organs?

Sepals, petals, stamens, and carpel

\______ close and protect the flower bud and art typically green and leaf like.

Sepals

\_______ are colorful and fragment and attract pollinators.

Petals

The \____ contains sperm and the \____ contains eggs in a flower.

Stamen; carpels

Stamen has a stalk tipped by a \_______ which are sacs in which pollen is made.

Anther

Carpel has a long, slender neck with a \_____ at it its tip that captures pollen. At the base of the carpel is a \___ which contains \______, each containing eggs.

Stigma; Ovary; Ovules

The diploid plant body is known as the \_______, which produces the anthers and ovules.

Sporophyte

Is the haploid plant body is known as the \______.

Gametophyte

The female gaetophyte that is contained in the ovule of a flowering plant is known as the \______.

Embryo sac

The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma is known as \_______.

Pollination

\_______ is a mass formed by the union of a sperm cell which provides nourishment to the developing embryo.

Endosperm

\_______ is the union of two sperm cells with different nuclei.

Double fertilization

\________ is a tough outer covering of a seed formed from the tissue and surrounding the ovule, which protects embryo and food supply.

Seed coat

\_______ is a mature ovary which protects and disperses seeds.

Fruit

\________ is the process whereby seeds or spores sprout and begin to grow, which usually begins with the adding of water.

Germination

\______ are asexual genetically identical organisms.

Clone

\________ is the means of asexual reproduction where a parent breaks into parts that generate into whole new individuals [bulb --\> cloves --\> forms new plant]

Fragmentation

Chapter 32

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Where do plants acquire nutrients from?

Air, water, and soil

\______ believed that soil provided all the substance for plant growth.

Aristotle