AP WORLD semester 1

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206 Terms

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Paleolithic Era

Characterized by the absence of agriculture, emphasizing hunting and gathering.

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Neolithic Era

The period in history marking the onset of a settled human lifestyle.

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Pastoral Society

A nomadic group whose primary economic activity is herding domesticated animals.

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Agricultural Revolution

A significant turning point when humans learned to domesticate animals and plants.

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Mesoamerica

Region where complex societies developed, extending from central Mexico to parts of Central America.

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Hinduism

A polytheistic religion with diverse beliefs and practices.

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Upanishads

Philosophical texts that form the core concepts of Hinduism.

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Atman

The universal self in Hindu philosophy, often considered eternal and transmigrating after death.

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Moksha

The liberation from the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth.

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Samsara

The cycle of birth, misery, and death influenced by karma.

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Karma

The principle that actions have consequences that affect one's future existence.

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Buddhism

A non-theistic religion founded on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama.

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Theravada Buddhism

The older of the two major branches of Buddhism, focused on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama.

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Mahayana Buddhism

A diverse branch of Buddhism with various teachings and practices.

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Tibetan Buddhism

A branch of Vajrayana Buddhism practiced primarily in Tibet.

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Siddhartha Gautama

The historical figure known as the Buddha, who founded Buddhism.

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Nirvana

A transcendent state in Buddhism, representing perfect peace and happiness.

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Bhakti

A devotional movement in Hinduism characterized by intense emotional attachment to a personal god.

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Vishnu

One of the principal deities of Hinduism, regarded as the preserver.

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Confucianism

A philosophical system emphasizing social hierarchy and the importance of learning.

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Filial Piety

A virtue of respect for one's parents and ancestors, central to Confucian ethics.

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Daoism

An ancient Chinese philosophy promoting harmony with nature.

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Yin and Yang

The concept of complementary opposites in nature and existence.

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Judaism

A monotheistic religion that originated with the ancient Hebrews.

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Islam

A monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Muhammad, emphasizing submission to God's will.

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Muhammad

The founder of Islam and the proclaimer of the Qur’an.

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Quran

The central religious text of Islam.

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Umma

The collective community of Muslims worldwide.

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Sunni

The largest branch of Islam, believing that caliphs are the rightful successors of Muhammad.

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Shia

The branch of Islam asserting that only Muhammad’s direct descendants can lead the faith.

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Ulama

Islamic scholars knowledgeable in religious law and theology.

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Sharia

Islamic law derived from the Quran and Hadith.

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Madrassa

An educational institution in the Islamic world, focusing on religious studies.

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Sufism

A mystical Islamic belief system emphasizing personal experiences with God.

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Song Dynasty

A Chinese imperial dynasty known for economic advancements and cultural influence.

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Hangzhou

The chosen capital of the Song dynasty, influential in trade and culture.

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Foot binding

A historical Chinese practice involving tightly binding young girls' feet.

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Kowtowing

A Chinese custom involving kneeling and touching the ground with the forehead.

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Hangul

The writing system used for the Korean language.

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Samurai

Warriors in Japan who adhered to a strict code of honor.

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Bushido

The code of conduct governing the samurai class in Japan.

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Kami

The spirits or deities worshipped in Shinto and Japanese indigenous religions.

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Chu nom

A script used to write the Vietnamese language from the 10th to the early 20th century.

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Srivijaya

A maritime kingdom that flourished in Southeast Asia from the 7th to the 13th centuries.

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Khmer

An ancient Cambodian state that had significant regional influence.

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Majapahit

A powerful Hindu-Buddhist empire in Southeast Asia.

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Angkor Wat

A renowned temple complex in Cambodia, originally built as a Hindu temple.

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Dar Al Islam

The Islamic term for the 'house of peace' where Islam prevails.

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Abbasid Caliphate

A major Islamic dynasty that controlled much of the Middle East.

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Seljuk Turkic Empire

A medieval empire formed by Turkic tribes, known for its vast territorial influence.

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Sultan

A ruler in some Islamic countries.

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Kaghan

A historic title used by Turkic and Mongolian leaders.

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Ottoman Empire

A powerful historical state that originated from Turkish tribes and spanned multiple continents.

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Caliph

The title used for the leader of the Muslim community, considered a successor to Muhammad.

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Jizya

A tax levied on non-Muslims in Islamic states.

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al-Andalus

The region in the Iberian Peninsula under Muslim rule.

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Swahili Civilization

A set of city-states along the East African coast, influenced by trade.

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Empire of Mali

An influential West African empire known for its wealth and academic centers.

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Gao

A major city in the Empire of Mali, known for trade.

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Djenne

A significant historical town in Mali, notable for its unique architecture.

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Songhay Empire

A powerful empire in West Africa known for its trade and military.

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Sonni Ali

The founder of the Songhay Empire who unified various states.

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Byzantine Empire

The continuation of the Roman Empire in the Eastern Mediterranean.

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Renaissance

A cultural movement marked by a renewed interest in art and learning in Europe.

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Maya Civilization

An ancient civilization known for its architecture and astrological achievements.

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Aztec Empire

A Mesoamerican civilization known for its agricultural innovations.

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Tenochtitlan

The capital city of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco.

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Inca Empire

A highly organized civilization in South America focusing on agriculture and infrastructure.

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Chinampas

An ancient Mesoamerican agricultural method involving raised fields.

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Quipus

An Inca device used for recording information through knotted strings.

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Quechua

An Indigenous people who live in the Andes region.

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Mongol Empire

A major empire known for its extensive conquests and control over the Silk Road.

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Khanates

Administrative divisions ruled by a Khan in the Mongol Empire.

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Chinggis Khan

The founder of the Mongol Empire who united the Mongol tribes.

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Kublai Khan

The grandson of Genghis Khan, who founded the Yuan dynasty in China.

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Ming Dynasty

A period in Chinese history characterized by trade expansion and cultural flourishing.

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Yongle

A Ming dynasty emperor known for his naval expeditions.

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Zheng He

An explorer who led voyages promoting Chinese trade during the Ming Dynasty.

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Qing Dynasty

The last imperial dynasty of China, marked by territorial expansion.

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Great Zimbabwe

An ancient city in Africa known for its impressive stone architecture.

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Mansa Musa

Famous ruler of the Mali Empire, known for his wealth and pilgrimage.

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Sand Roads

Trade routes across northern and western Africa, primarily for salt and gold.

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Sea Roads

Trade routes across the Indian Ocean that facilitated commerce.

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Silk Roads

Ancient trade routes connecting China to the West, enabling cultural exchange.

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Black Death

A devastating plague that drastically reduced Europe's population in the 14th century.

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Mecca

The holiest city in Islam, the birthplace of Muhammad.

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House of Wisdom

An intellectual center in Baghdad during the Islamic Golden Age.

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Sharia

Islamic law based on the Quran and Hadith.

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Madrassa

An educational institution focusing on Islamic studies.

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Ulema

Scholars within Islam who are considered experts in religious law.

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Mesoamerica

Region characterized by the development of complex pre-Columbian societies.

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Cahokia

A major pre-Columbian city located near present-day St. Louis.

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Chaco Canyon

A major center of ancestral Puebloan culture in modern-day New Mexico.

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Hernan Cortes

The Spanish conquistador who led the expedition that conquered the Aztec Empire.

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Francisco Pizarro

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire.

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Great Dying

The massive decline in Indigenous populations due to European diseases.

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Little Ice Age

A period of cooler temperatures affecting agriculture from the 14th to the 19th centuries.

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Columbian Exchange

The widespread transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and culture between the Americas and the Old World.

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Mercantilism

An economic theory advocating that nations should export more than they import.

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Encomienda

A Spanish colonial system that granted land with Indigenous labor in exchange for protection.