AP WORLD semester 1

Paleolithic Era - absence of agriculture and instead hunting/gathering

Neolithic Era - the beginning of a settled human lifestyle

Pastoral Society - a nomadic group of people whose primary economic activity is herding domesticated animals

Agricultural Revolution humans become able to domesticate animals and plants

Mesoamerica - complex societies that developed in the region extending from central Mexico to parts of Central America

Hinduism - a polytheistic religion

Upanishads - the philosophical-religious texts of Hinduism 

Atman - the universal self, identical to the eternal core of the personality that after death either transmigrates to a new life or attains release from the bonds of existence

Moksha - the freedom from the eternal cycle of life, death, and rebirth

Samsara - the indefinitely repeated cycles of birth, misery, and death caused by karma

Karma - the universal causal law by which good or bad actions determine the future modes of an individual's existence

Buddhism - a non-theistic religion

Theravada Buddhism - the older of two major Buddhist traditions that base their philosophies on the sutras, or teachings of the Siddhartha Gautama

Mahayana Buddhism - a broad spectrum of Buddhist teachings and practices 

Tibetan Buddhism - branch of Vajrayana in Tibet

Siddhartha Gautama - a spiritual teacher from ancient India who is credited with founding Buddhism

Nirvana - a place of perfect peace and happiness, like heaven

Hinduism - a world religious tradition that combines the beliefs, cultural practices, and philosophy of ancient and modern India

Bhakti - a movement emphasizing the mutual intense emotional attachment and love of a devotee toward a personal god and of the god for the devotee

Vishnu - the preserver within the Trimurti, the tripe deity of supreme divinity that includes Brahma and Shiva

Confucianism - 5 classics, emphasis on learning and study of society. Human society is hierarchical

Confucius - the first teacher in China who wanted to make education broadly available and who was instrumental in establishing the art of teaching as a vocation.

Filial Piety - an attitude of respect for parents and ancestors in societies influenced by Confucian thought

Daoism - an ancient Chinese belief system which emphasizes harmony with the natural, balanced order of the universe

Yin and Yang - all things exist as inseparable and contradictory opposites.

Judaism - monotheistic religion developed among the ancient Hebrews

Islam - monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Muhammad, “submission to the will of God”

Muhammad - Founder of Islam and the   proclaimer of the Qur’an, Islams sacred scripture

Quran - the central religious text of Islam

Umma - the whole community of Muslims bound together by ties of religion

Sunni - -Caliphs are the successors, sufi missionaries, following the Sunna

Shia - only Prophet Muhammads' direct descendants can be leaders of the Islamic faith

Ulama - scholars of the religion of Islam

Sharia - The Islamic law revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad

Madrassa - a Muslim college, uni, or school

Sufism - a mystical branch of Islam that emphasizes achieving a direct personal experience of God through practices like meditation, devotion, and asceticism

Song Dynasty - (960-1279) Introduced paper currency, had a major influence on Japan, Vietnam, and Korea, and Spread Buddhism Confusianist. 

Hangzhou - Chosen capital of the Song dynasty - (960-1279)  a Chinese imperial dynasty 

Foot binding - (960-1280) Young girls were tightly bound with bandages

Kowtowing - kneel and touch the ground with the forehead in worship as part of Chinese custom

Hangul - the writing system of Korean language

Samurai - worriers in Japan

Bushido - the code of conduct for samurai

Kami - the object of worship in Shinto and other Indigenous religions of Japan

Chu nom - used to write the Vietnamese language from the 10th to the early 20th century

Srivijaya - maritime and commercial kingdom that flourished between the 7th and 13th centuries, largely in what is now Indonesia 

Khmer - ancient Cambodian state that ruled vast areas of mainland southeast Asia from about 802 CE to 1431 reaching its peak between the 11th and 13th centuries.

Madjapahit - one of the last major Hindu-Buddhist empires of the region

Angkor Wat - a big hindu temple

Dar Al Islam - Islamic “house of peace”

Abbasid Caliphate - most of the Middle East, Vizier - Goveneer

Seljuk Turkic Empire - a medieval Muslim empire, established by Oghuz Turkic tribes

Sultan - originally a person of religious authority

Kaghan - A Turkic and Mongolian title

Ottoman Empire Mehmed II unification, what left of Abbasid Caliphate, protectors of fate

Caliph - successor of the prophet Muhammad

Jizya - a tax imposed on non-muslims

al-Andalus - A Muslim-ruled area in the Iberian peninsulas

Swahili Civilization - prominent trade location developing into the big city, monsoon weather makes it easier to travel

Empire of Mali - Salts and golds, Timbuktu - In the empire of Mali learning center, large trade

Gao -flourishing city center

Djenne - a town in Mali, on the Nile River

Songhay Empire (15th-16th century) used an imperial council, use of navy, and armed cavalry, and middleman of the gold and salt trade

Sonni Ali - unification of states

Byzantine Empire - continuation of Roman Empire, Orthodox Christian

Renaissance - rebirth of Europe

Maya Civilization - One of the early civilizations in the New world

Aztec Empire - agricultural innovations

Tenochtitlan - Aztec major city

Inca Empire - farming central to life, transportation network 

Chinampas - an artificial cultivation system built in areas where water is the main natural resource present in the environment

Quipus - no written records; quipus

Quechua - Marginal farmers in the high Andes

Mongol Empire - (1206-1368) warfare, took control of most of the Silk Road

Khanates - a type of historic polity ruled by a Khan, Khagan, Khatun, or Khanum

Chinggis Khan - mongol ruler

Kublai Khan 

Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) - Era between Mongol rule and the Qing dynasty, civil service exams, military expansion, and exploration

Yongle - Emperor of the Ming Dynasty

Zheng He - a Chinese explorer who led seven great voyages on behalf of the Chinese emperor

Qing Dynasty (1636-1911) - Manchu conquerors from the north, machus replaced Chinese government, corruption

Great Zimbabwe - the stone remains of a medieval city in southeastern Africa

Mansa Musa - ruler of the largest and wealthiest North African empire

Sand Roads - a vast network of roads that were in the center of northern and western Africa, salt, cloth, ivory, spices, textiles

Sea Roads - could eventually carry more bulk, on the ships, textiles, paper, wheat, rice, sugar, timber

Silk Roads - trade route connecting China to the West, carried goods and ideas, spread religions, silk, spices, precious metals, minerals, handcrafts

Black Death - plague that took out millions of people from 1346 to 1353

Mecca - a city in Saudi Arabia that was the birthplace of Muhammad and is the holiest city of Islam 

House of Wisdom - a prominent intellectual center established in Baghdad during the Islamic golden age

Sharia - a set of laws, principles, and guidelines determined by Islamic legal scholars who set for jurisprudence based on their interpretation of texts such as the Quran or Hadith

Madrassa - a religious school or educational institution within the Islamic world, often focused on Islamic studies, law, and technology 

Ulema - Islamic scholars who are considered experts in Islamic law 

Mesoamerica - complex societies that developed in the region extending from central Mexico to parts of Central America

Cahokia - a major pre-Columbian city located in North America

Chaco Canyon - served as a major center of ancestral Puebloan culture

Hernan Cortes - established alliances with local tribes hostile to the Aztecs

Francisco Pizarro - Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca empire in Central America

Great Dying - around 90% of native americans died which was caused by diseases and the Europeans coming into the Americas

Little Ice Age - a period of significantly cooler global temperatures that occurred roughly from the 14th to the mid-19th century

Columbian Exchange - widespread transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and people between the “old world” and the “new world” 

Mercantilism - Exports, minerals, get as much as you can and get rid of it as quickly as you can

Encomienda - a Spanish colonial system in the Americas where conquistadors were granted a group of Indigenous people to extract labor and tribute from, in exchange for supposedly providing protection and religious instruction

Hacienda - a large landed estate, plantation, or agricultural property, in Spanish colonial America, where landowners often exploited Indigenous labor through a system of debt peonage, effectively trying workers to the land and controlling their lives on the estate

Creole people of European descent who were born in the Americas during the colonial period 

Peninsulares -spanish-bron individuals who migrated to and lived in Spanish colonies in the Americas

Mestizo - a person of mixed ancestry, specifically a person of mixed European (usually Spanish) and Indigenous American heritage 

Mulattoes - people of mixed African and European ancestry

Caste system - a rigid social hierarchy implemented by the Spanish colonial government in the Americas, which categorized individuals based on their racial ancestry, determining their social status, rights, and privileges within the society, with those of pure Spanish descent at the top and mixed-race individuals or Indigenous people lower down

Russian Empire - a vast and influential state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution in 1917, covering Eastern Europe, northern Asia, and parts of North America 

Yasak - a tribute system imposed by the Russian tsarist government on Indigenous populations in Siberia

Ottoman Empire - Turkish warrior groups who aggressively raided agricultural civilizations, they were able to expand using their smart attacking techniques and spreading their religion.

Devshirme - the collection and gathering of little children ( boys) taking the form tier families and converting them to Muslim

Timar - gives people money and land for serving in the army

Janissary - the elite infantry corps of the Ottoman empire, composed of Christian boys forcibly recruited from conquered territories, converted to Islam, and trained to be fiercely loyal soldiers serving directly under the Sultan

Safavid Empire (1501-1726) - Shi’te Islam, conflict with Ottomans and other Sunni Muslims, Shah government, religious appointees

Mughal Empire (1526-1857) - India's newest Islamic empire, Sunni, Mongol descendants, Akbar the Grea,t and Hinduism

Zamindars - landowning elites within the Mughal empire in India, who primarily functioned as tax collectors, acting as intermediaries between the imperial government and the peasantry by collecting land revenue from farmers on behalf of the emperor

Akbar - The third Mughal emperor, eliminated taxes and allowed Hinus to work in the government 

Aurangzeb - reimposed tac and forced rebellion

Protestant Reformation (1517) major religious movement, where individuals publicly criticized the practices of the Catholic Church, leading to a split within Christianity and the establishment of new protestant denominations 

Martin Luther - wrote 95 theses on the problems with the church

Pope Leo X - primarily known for his role in sparking the Protestant Reformation by allowing the widespread sale of indulgences 

Protestantism - rose as a movement in response to the Roman Catholic doctrines. Believed in ultimate religious truth and authority. Calvinism is a branch 

Great schism (1054) -  split between the churches of East and West. Eastern was orthodox and western was catholic

John Calvin - recognized as a significant figure in the protestant reformation

Calvinism - the concept of predestination, the church as divine, social activism, and world

Thirty Years War - a series of conflicts fought across Europe from 1618 to 1648, primarily centered around religious tensions between Catholics and protestants in the Holy Roman Empire

Counter-Reformation - a period of catholic revival and reform within the catholic church that arose as a direct response to the protestant reformation, aiming to address criticisms of the church, reaffirm core doctrines, and revitalize its influence through missionary work and new religious orders, most notably the Jesuits

Council of Trent - a major gathering of catholic church leaders held between 1545 and 1563, convened as a response to the protestant reformation

Society of Jesus - members of the Society of Jesus, a roman catholic religious order known for their extensive missionary work across the globe, particularly during the counter-reformation period

Bartolome de las Casas - a priest in the roman catholic church and a member of the Dominican order

Matteo Ricci - Italian Jesuit missionary who introduced Christian teaching to the Chinese empire in the 16th century

Muhammad Ibn Abd al–Wahhab - recognized as the founder of the “Wahhabi” movement

Wahhabi Islam - a Muslim movement led by Abd Al Wahhabi that was to inherit and go back to the old laws of strict Muslim life, with the Sharia and Islamic beliefs

Wang Yangming - neo confucius leader

Sikhism's Response to Mughal incursions, the belief that we are all one being, India

Guru Nanak - founder of Sikhism

Guru Granth - refers to the central sacred text of Sikhism, compiled by Guru Arjan Dev in 1604

Scientific Revolution Inquiry and the scientific method, the question of authority

Galileo - italian astronomer 

Nicolaus Copernicus - put forth the theory that the sun is at rest near the center of the universe and that the earth, spinning on its axis once daily, revolves annually around the sun

Isaac Newton - made the basic principles of modern physics

Enlightenment - The organization of government, and religions in the world, explanation of an attack on inequality

Adam Smith - an individual would invest a resource - for example, land or labor- so as to earn the highest possible return on it

John Locke - all persons are endowed with natural rights to life, liberty, and property,y and that rulers who fail to protect those rights may be removed by the people, by force if necessary

Voltaire - attacked the catholic church and advocated freedom of religion, freedom of expression, and separation of church and state. 

Jean Jacques Rousseau - his work on the social contract, which questioned the purpose and place of government and its responsibilities for its citizens

Montesquieu - influential in the development of the idea that different laws, constitutions, and political systems were suited to different contexts

Condorcet - advocated for economic freedom, religious toleration, legal and educational reform, the abolition of slavery, and equal rights for women. 

Quakers - a significant part of the movements for the abolition of slavery, to promote equal rights for women and peace

Unitarians - restore “primitive Christianity before later corruptions set in”

Charles Darwin - theory of evolution by natural selection

British East India Company - joint stock company, excluded from Spice islands, instead of trading spices they secured trading bases to get into the Indian market

Dutch East India Company joint stock company, had control over the shipping and production of cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg

Trading post empire type of colonial empire established by European powers, primarily the Portuguese

Cartaz - Taxation on any ship through the Indian Ocean 

Daimyo - powerful Japanese feudal lords who controlled large landholdings and were subordinate to the shogun

Shogun - a powerful Japanese military leader and landowner, or daimyo, who became strong enough to essentially rule Japan

Piece of Eight - refers to the Spanish silver coin, also called a peso de ocho

British Royal Africa Company one of the world's busiest slave markets, with a thriving smuggling trade to Spanish America

Dahomey Kingdom - a kingdom in western Africa that flourished in the 18th and 19th centuries in the region that is now southern Benin.

Kingdom of Benin - a kingdom in West Africa that was part of the trans-Saharan trade and also got its wealth and power from it

Transatlantic Slave Trade - the forced transportation of millions of Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas between the late 15th and early 19th century 

Seven Years War - Expensive, causes the English to want to tax more

French-Indian War - Proclamation from the king, America gets nothing but more taxes

Thomas Jefferson - an American founding father, the principal author of the Declaration of independence, and the third president of the United States 

Declaration of Independence is the document signed by the American colonies on July 4, 1776, which formally declared their separation from Great Britain, outlining their grievances against the british government and asserting their right to self-governance based on natural rights

James Madison - the fourth president of the United States, made a major contribution to the ratification of the Constitution by writing the Federalist papers

Federalist Papers - urged the ratification of the United States Constitution

Proclamation of 1763 - prohibited Anglo-American colonists from settling on lands acquired from the French following the french indian war

Sugar Act (1764) tax on sugar

Currency Act (1764) only allowed British money and no credit

Stamp Act (1765) tax on all paper documents 

Townshend Acts (1767) tax on lead, tea, china, paint, glass

Boston Massacre (1770) British attacked American casualties for no reason

Boston Tea Party (1773) Americans poured British tea into the ocean

Sons of Liberty - established to undermine British rule in colonial America and was influential in organizing and carrying out the Boston Tea Party

Loyalist - people who remained loyal to the British crown during the American Revolution

Patriot - feeling of attachment to commitment to a country, nation, or political community

Estates System - 

Ancien Regime - the social and political system in the kingdom of France from the 15th until the end of the 18th centuries

Louis XVI

Storming of Bastille - it clearly challenged the monarchy through violence

Estates General - called May 5, 1789, primarily to address France's financial crisis 

National Assembly - a revolutionary assembly formed by the representatives of the third estate in France during the early stages of the French Revolution 

Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen - refers to a foundational document of the French Revolution, adopted by the National Assembly in 1789, which outlined the natural and inalienable rights of French citizens, including liberty property, security, and resistance to oppression

Maximilien Robespierre - leader of the French Revolution best known for spearheading the reign of terror

National Convention - the governing assembly in France during the French Revolution 

Directory - a five-member committee that governed France from 1795-1799

Committee of Public Safety - a powerful political body established during the radical phase of the French Revolution in 1793, primarily tasked with protecting the new French Republic from both internal and external threats

Napoleon Bonaparte - a prominent french military leader who rose to power during French Revolution, became emperor of France significantly altered the political landscape of Europe through his military campaigns

Saint Domingue - Haiti, under French rule 

Grands blancs and Petits blancs - Apart from the mixed group of Haitian

Gens de couleur libres - “free people of color” 

Dutty Boukman - key leader of the Haitian revolution

Toussaint L’Ouverture - An educated slave that led the slaves in the Haitian revolution, was murdered shortly after

Jean-Jacques Dessalines - a key leader of the Haitian revolution, a former slave that became the first ruler of independent Haiti

Tupac Amaru - an Indigenous leader from Peru who led a large rebellion against Spanish colonial rule in the late 18th century

Simon Bolivar - leading independence for Latin America. Creole and hated Spanish colonization. Find Gran Colombia which is the new independent 

Miguel Hidalgo - Mexican roman catholic priest and key figure in the Mexican War of Independence

Augustin Iturbide - a key figure in Mexican independence

Jose de San Martin - national hero of Argentina who helped lead the revolutions against Spanish rule in Argentina (Simone Bolivar)

Great Jamaica Revolt - refers to the “Baptist War” or “Sam Sharpe Rebellion” a major slave uprising that occurred in Jamaica in 1831-1832, led to a Baptist deacon named Samuel Sharpe, and was considered a pivotal movement towards the abolition of slavery through the British empire, despite the military failure

Nationalism- the belief that a country is superior that rose during the American Revolution resulting in more people being free

Abolitionist movement - a social political campaign that aimed to end the practice of slavery 

Elizabeth Cady Stanton - a key figure in American feminism

Suffrage - the right to vote

Feminism - fight for women's rights