Innate ideas, mind is separate from the body and exists past death.
dissected animals -→ fluid in brain’s cavities contained “animal spirits”
Nerve pathways allowed for reflexes
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Francis Bacon
Father of empiricism
Created scientific method
Brain tries to make sense of world through patterns
People are more likely to remember events that support their believes and ignore failures even if more common
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John Locke
Mind is a “blank slate….one which experience writes”
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Locke + Bacon = Empiricism
Belief that knowledge originates in experience and science should therefore rely on observation and experimentation
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Wilhelm Wundt (Late 1800s)
Founder of psychology
Wanted to measure “atoms of the brain” / fastest and simplest mental processes → press a button when hear a ball (1/10 of a second) vs. when consciously aware of ball (2/10 of a second)
Began world’s first psychological lab
Used introspection
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Edward Titchener (Late 1800s)
wanted to understand the structural elements of the mind
Use smart and veral people for introspection (not very reliable as it varies from person to person)
Credited for creating structuralism, which his professor, Wundt, used but didnt name
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Structuralism
Using introspection (self - reflection) to understand the structure of the human brain
Fell off as introspection did
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William James (Late 1800s)
Questioned why humans evolved with their current processes of thoughts and feelings
Influenced by the theory of evolution → everything developed to help our ancestors survive
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Functionalism
Exploring how mental and behavioral processes function and enable an organism to adapt, survive, and reproduce
Made by William James, influenced by Darwin
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Mary Whiton Calkins (Late 1800s - Early 1900s)
taught by Wundt
Harvard refused to give her the PHd she earned
Became a distinguished memory researcher and APA’s first female president
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Margaret Floy Washburn (Early 1900s)
First female psychology PHd
Wrote the book “the Animal mind” which emphasized the use of evidence
Second female APA president
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Experimental psychology
The study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method (promoted by Margaret)
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Sigmund Freud (Late 1800s - Early 1900s) → Freudian psychology
Emphasized the ways emotional responses to childhood experiences and our unconsciousness affect our behavior
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John Watson and B. F. Skinner
Dismissed introspection in favor of observable behavior (influenced by learned associations)
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Behaviorism
Believe that psychology should be an observable science that focuses on behavior \**without reference to mental processes*\* (2nd half no longer agreed with)
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Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
found Freudian psychology and behaviorism to be too limiting
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Humanistic psychology
Drawing attention to how current environmental influences nurture or limit our growth potential rather than early childhood responses and conditioned responses → importance of being loved and accepted
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Cognitive neuroscience
Interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition → perception, thinking, memory, and language
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Psychology
the science of behaviors (observable) and mental processes (thoughts, beliefs, feelings, sensations, etc…)
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Dorothea Dix
Challenged the idea that mentally ill could not be cured or helped
Founded and/or expanded more than 30 hospitals for the treatment of the mentally ill