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English Civil War
Series of civil wars between parliamentarians and royalists over religious freedom and how the three kingdoms (Ireland, Scotland, England) should be ruled. Olivier Cromwell won, abolished the monarchy, and established a republic under his rule, though it didn’t last long
Glorious Revolution
James II was overthrown, and William III and Mary II agreeing to become the rulers of England, signing the Bill of Rights which limited their power as monarchs and outlined the rights of Parliament and englishmen
English Bill of Rights
A bill firmly establishing the rights of Parliament and englishmen, specifically the declarations that taxation required parliamentary consent, laws could only be enacted with parliamentary consent, and members of parliament were free to debate
Agricultural Revolution
New farming techniques and such led to more efficient growth of crops, more livestock, and more food production. This led to more food to help society grow, more resources and paving the way for the Industrial Revolution, and more
Putting-out system
System where merchants brought materials to common people, where they developed it into what was needed, and the finished product was returned to the merchant.
Mercantilism
Maximize exports and minimize imports, maximize accumulation of natural resources, and to increase state supply of gold and silver.
Dutch Republic
The Netherlands became the Dutch Republic during its Golden Age, where is was the strongest naval power and richest in Europe for a time
Partition of Poland
These 3 powers split up Poland to expand their own territory, resulting in Poland losing â…“ of its territory and people.
Battle of Vienna (1683)
The Ottomans were defeated in battle, which was a first, marking the end of Ottoman expansion into Europe
Military Revolution
Advancement of weaponry and power, but the price of this required heavier taxation, as well as tipped the balance of power in Europe
Absolutism
Monarchs/rulers who held all the power, no checks and balances, no other governing bodies, etc., believed that their power was granted by God.
Constitutionalism
A government limited in power by a constitution
James I, Charles I
James I (also James IV of Scotland) united the thrones of England and Scotland, first Stuart king, but conflicted with Parliament because of his unexperience with it, did some good like make amends with Spain but later dissolved Parliament over issues with it. Charles I, his son, wasn’t much better, which led to the English Civil War, and later his execution for breaking his promises, where he was tried for treason and put to death.
Louis XIV
Also known as the Sun King, he was a grand king who built Versailles, reorganized France's government and economy, boosted trade, victorious in battle, and more. He centralized power, took away freedom of worship for huguenots and emphasized Catholicism, and over all his strong will enabled him to do what he saw fit to retain power and do as needed.
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
French statesman who served as First Minister of State under Louis XIV, held many titles and duties, developed trade, industry and merchant navy, modernizing Paris, and backing scientific advancements, and made France very powerful by making it self sufficient in ways and making it a strong naval power
Peter I of Russia
Tsar of Russia who westernized it, also known as Peter the Great, turned Russia into a great power and developed its economy, army, navy, education and sciences, culture, and more. He took power by taking it from the nobles, establishing absolute power.
Catherine II of Russia
Followed Peter I, made good reforms to Russia and strengthened army
The Protestant Reformation
A religious movement that believed the bible was the sole authority for all faith matters, and salvation can be achieved by faith alone. Sparked by Martin Luther’s criticisms of clerical abuses and greed
Political Changes due to Thirty Years War
Member states of HRE were given full sovereignty , the notion of the pope being the head of Europe was abandoned, and the structure of Europe as sovereign states was established
Continued economic benefits from transatlantic trade
More and more money was pouring into europe with the transatlantic trade, benefitting the nobility, clergy, and merchant classes, as well as helping the economy and lower class in ways
France : Louis XIV
Also known as the Sun King, he was a grand king who built Versailles, reorganized France's government and economy, boosted trade, victorious in battle, and more. He centralized power, took away freedom of worship for huguenots and emphasized Catholicism, and over all his strong will enabled him to do what he saw fit to retain power and do as needed.
Treatment of nobles
Louis XIV kept nobles under tight watch, having them live in Versailles with him, making them practically worship him and work to win over his favor, therefore keeping them reigned in and under his power
Intendant system
People who oversaw execution of laws, collected taxes, and reported to the king about their assigned provinces, an agent of the king
Edict of Fontainebleau
Revoked the Edict of Nantes, removing Huguenots right to practice Lutheranism
Versailles
The palace which Louis XIV made. It was very large and many nobles lived there. Allowed power to be directed towards Louis and to have more control and influence over nobles.
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
Economic advisor of Louis XIV, supported mercantilism and tried to make France economically self-sufficient, and brought France prosperity
Spain : Control of trade from colonies, the Habsburg rulers (Philips)
They were able to maintain wealth through mercantilism, especially bullionism and silver and gold in the New World.
Russia : Peter I’s “westernization”
Peter I imitated western European traditions, systems, appearances, and more, for the nobility, such as cutting off their beards and wear European style dressing, established a Navy and standing army, new western weaponry, and imitating western architecture with importation of western architects. Built St. Petersburg to have direct access to the Baltic Sea. St. P’s was built on lots of serf labor, many died. Also secularized schools and got more control over Orthodox church, sent Russians abroad to learn, gave women more rights, and more.
Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian academy founded by Peter I to teach the sciences, inspired by the higher education centers he saw across Western Europe
Catherine II’s continuation
She continued to strengthen Russia, extend its borders, increase education, and abolished serfdom to provide more soldiers
In Eastern Europe : Partition of Poland by Russia, Prussia, and Austria
These 3 powers split up Poland to expand their own territory, resulting in Poland losing â…“ of its territory and people.
Magna Carta
A paper which limited the powers of a king through checks and balances and was one of the earliest forms of such. Signed by King John which stated that he too was under the law.
James I, Charles I, Charles II, James II
Child of Mary of Scots, James was Anglican. Puritans were against. He has a short rule. Then England, wants to go to war with Spain but they can’t afford it. Instead Charles taxes people, tries to make everyone Catholic and Anglican, but the parliament gets angry. James I is killed. Charles II takes over France wants him to help fight against the Dutch. He appoints a loyal parliament. James II becomes king, and wants to create laws like Louis XIV, generally a bad king. The Parliament want William of Orange to invade him, and they do.
English Civil War
Series of civil wars between parliamentarians and royalists over religious freedom and how the three kingdoms (Ireland, Scotland, England) should be ruled. Olivier Cromwell won, abolished the monarchy, and established a republic under his rule, though it didn’t last long
Glorious Revolution
James II was overthrown, and William III and Mary II agreeing to become the rulers of England, signing the Bill of Rights which limited their power as monarchs and outlined the rights of Parliament and englishmen
William and Mary
Took the throne after James II was overthrown, William was William III of Orange
English Bill of Rights
A bill firmly establishing the rights of Parliament and englishmen, specifically the declarations that taxation required parliamentary consent, laws could only be enacted with parliamentary consent, and members of parliament were free to debate
Parliamentary Rights
Certain laws and immunities only for the Houses of England, to perform their duties without interference
Diplomatic and military objectives to ensure that one state is not more powerful than another
Powers realized that keeping peace was better for the health of their countries rather than warring constantly, so they tried to keep a balance of power
Military Revolution
Advancement of weaponry and power, but the price of this required heavier taxation, as well as tipped the balance of power in Europe
Partition of Poland
Russia and Prussia split large parts of Poland between them, doing so to quell a nationalist uprising of Polish people
Louis XIV’s wars
Top 5 were the War of Devolution, the Dutch War, the War of the Reunion, the Nine Years’ War, and the War of Spanish Succession. He aimed to strengthen France and make it the leading power, which led other countries against it
Ottoman defeat in Vienna
In the Battle of Vienna the Ottomans were defeated, marking the end of their expansion into Europe
Dutch Golden Age
With its boom in trade, especially the spice trade, its trade, science, art, military, and naval power was the strongest in the world.
Expansion of transatlantic slaving system
With more colonization across the world, especially in Africa and Caribbean, created more and more demand for laborers, especially with increased demand in goods like sugar
Increase in raw materials in Europe
Raw goods like sugar, tobacco, etc., went to europe, which were very popular and made a lot of money, increasing demand and therefore laborÂ
Agricultural revolution
New farming techniques and such led to more efficient growth of crops, more livestock, and more food production. This led to more food to help society grow, more resources and paving the way for the Industrial Revolution, and more
Development of a market economy
These developments arose, supported by authors like Adam Smith, arising with the slave and Columbian trade, etc.
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