Age of Exploration and Exploitation

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Factors in the Age of Exploration

* Gold/Silver to purchase as trade is growing
* Spread Christianity (get rich)
* New Technology made sea travel easy

What is special about gold?

It retains its molecular properties when heated & never tarnishes.

Caraval

A small ship with a round large hold, with a lateen (triangular sail that makes it easier to maneuver)

Prince Henry the Navigator

Opens a navigator school in Sagres, gathers great navigators and cartographers.

Vasco da Gama

1498- Reaches Calicut, Africa, following Dias, making Lisbon one of the riches cities in Europe

nov. 1, 1755

All Saints Day- 30,000 people died in an earthquake in Lisbon

How many miles in length was the Inca empire?

2,500 miles

What were the staple crops of the Inca?

Potatoes and Corn

How long had Spaniards used horses before arriving?

5000 years

How large was the Incan army guarding Atahualpa?

80,000 men

Atahualpa

The last Incan emperor

Who pioneered gunpowder as a weapon?

Arabs

Where were the world’s best swords made?

Toledo

What kind of sword did the Spanish use?

A Rapier

What did the Rapier symbolize?

Spain’s “Overbearing Avarice“

Libraries can also be seen as a depositary of…

dirty tricks

Dias

First European to go around the tip of Africa

Columbus

Commissioned in 1492 as a celebration of Ferdinand and Isabella’s Christian conquering of Spain

Balboa

First European to travel the Pacific Ocean

Cortez

Conquered the Aztec Empire

Magellan

First to circumnavigate the globe

Pizarro

Conquered the Inca

Astrolabe

A device which uses the north star to tell the navigator where they are

Codice/Codex

Aztec picture books, mostly destroyed by Spaniards

Tenochtitlan

Aztec capital, a city surrounded by water with its religious center at the heart of the city

What did Spaniards do to religious buildings?

Destroyed them and built churches with the stones.

Quetzalcoatl

A feathered snake god, who also takes the form of a white man

Why was Hernan Cortes welcomed by the Aztec people?

He returned on the exact date Quetzalcoatl was set to return, and looked how Quetzalcoatl was supposed to look like.

La Malinche

An indigenous translator for Cortes

Where did the diseases that killed the Aztecs likely originate?

In the Spaniards’ domesticated animals

What did Spaniards do with Aztec artifacts?

They melted them into gold bars

What happened after the Spaniards left?

80% of the Aztec population died of smallpox

Why were surrounding Indigenous tribes ready to oppose the Aztecs?

The Aztecs would wage war on surrounding people and take prisoners for sacrifice.

Treaty of Tordesillas

A treaty between Spain and Portugal which separated the globe into land for the Spanish to conquer and land for Portugal to conquer, which was mostly ignored.

What did European explorers seek?

A northwest route to Asia

Who founded Jamestown?

The English

Why was Jamestown unsuccessful at first?

They looked for gold instead of planting crops.

How much of Jamestown died in the first year?

70-80%

What cash crop was grown in Jamestown?

Tobacco

What is a cash crop?

A crop grown to be sold

Where did Puritans establish a colony?

Plymouth, Massachusetts

What is a Pirate?

*Unlicensed* plunderer by sea

What is a Privateer?

Privately owned, plundering for their nation

Who drove the Dutch out of New Amsterdam (1664)?

The English

What relationship did the French and Dutch have with Indigenous people?

The French and Dutch traded with the Natives.

What were the French and Dutch seeking in the new world?

Beaver Fur for beaver fur hats

What was the relationship between the English and the Indigenous people?

Much more hostile; English stole their land

What did the puritans call the natives?

“Heathens“

What advantages did the Spaniards have over the Aztecs?

stronger weapons/armor; dogs and horses

When did Columbus first leave Europe?

Aug. 5, 1492

What were the names of Columbus’ ships?

Niña, Pinta, Santa Maria

Who were the Taino?

Native to the Caribbean

Who was this continent named after?

Amerigo Vespucci

What disease did Cortes say his people carried?

“A disease of the heart only gold can cure“

Mestizo

mixed Spanish and Native population

Encomienda system

The Spanish labour system with enslaved Native people

What mistake did Atahualpa make?

He didn’t arm his people

Smallpox covers your body in….

Smallpox blisters

What do most deadly diseases come from?

Domesticated animals

What animals had been domesticated in the Americas?

Llamas- which people didn’t exchange germs/disease with

What is believed to have killed 90% of the Native population?

European disease

What happened to Atahualpa?

Once he was no longer useful, the Spanish planned to burn him. He was offered Clemency if he converted, but was strangled anyways.

By the end of the 19th century, Europe had colonized….

Africa, Australia, and most of Asia (all without domesticated animals)

What did the Muslim/African slave trade offer to slaves?

Social Mobility- they were able to buy or marry their way out of slavery

What “advantages“ did Europeans see in using African people as slaves?

* Same disease pool
* Experienced in farming with rice as well as European crops
* No knowledge of American geography

How did the slave trade impact the world?

* Destruction of African families and communities
* Proliferation of guns in Africa
* Profit for American economy
* Introduction of African music, farming, and culture into the Americas

What foods were brought from Africa to the Americas?

Bananas, black eyed peas, and yams

What food were Europeans afraid of?

Tomatoes

When were African people first taken to the Americas?

1511

What is a favorable balance of trade?

A nation selling more goods than it is buying.

Why were joint-stock investments needed for colonies?

Establishing a colony was risky and expensive.

What were the two most important crops of the Americas

Corn and Potatoes

How did Imperialism/Colonization affect individuals?

Voluntary/forced migration and depopulation

How did Imperialism/Colonialism effect societies?

Old societies destroyed, new ones formed in their places.

Capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership where everything has a cash price

What do merchants do with their wealth?

Continuously invest in overseas trade

What is a Mercantilist System

A system where raw goods were taken from a colony, and manufactured into goods, then sold back into the colony.

What motivated Colonisation?

* Politics
* Wealth
* Religion
* To get rid of excess population

Chattel Slavery

People stripped of every right and treated like animals