AP EURO 1

Black Death

Massive population loss in Europe between 1348-1351, leading to labor shortages and social upheaval.

Hundred Years’ War

A series of conflicts between England and France that ended in 1453 and shifted power dynamics in Europe.

Renaissance

A cultural revival in Europe (c. 1350–1600) focusing on classical learning, humanism, and secularism.

Leonardo da Vinci

A key figure of the Renaissance known for his contributions to art and science.

Invention of the printing press

Invented by Gutenberg in 1455, it allowed for the rapid spread of ideas and increased literacy.

Age of Exploration

Period in late 1400s to 1600s characterized by maritime exploration and the establishment of global trade networks.

Columbus reaches the New World

Event in 1492 marking the start of European colonization and the Columbian Exchange.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement beginning in 1517 with Martin Luther’s 95 Theses, leading to the fragmentation of Christianity.

Lutheranism

A major branch of Protestant Christianity that originated with Martin Luther's teachings.

Calvinism

A branch of Protestantism founded by John Calvin, emphasizing predestination and the sovereignty of God.

Catholic Counter-Reformation

The response of the Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation, including the Council of Trent and the founding of the Jesuits.

Peace of Augsburg

A 1555 treaty that allowed the legal recognition of Lutheranism in the Holy Roman Empire.

Thirty Years’ War

A religious and political conflict in Europe from 1618 to 1648, ending with the Peace of Westphalia.

Scientific Revolution

A period of major advancements in science during the late 1500s and 1600s, characterized by a shift to observation and experimentation.

Copernicus

An astronomer who proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, challenging traditional views.

Galileo

A key figure in the Scientific Revolution known for his work in astronomy and support of heliocentrism.

Rise of centralized monarchies

The development of strong, centralized governments in countries like France, Spain, and England during this period.

Commercial revolution

A period of European economic expansion and trade growth from the late 1400s to the 1600s.

Defeat of Spanish Armada

A pivotal event in 1588 marking the rise of England as a major naval power.

Edict of Nantes

A 1598 decree granting religious toleration to the Huguenots in France.

Dutch East India Company

Founded in 1600, it was one of the world's first multinational corporations involved in trade.

Reign of Louis XIV

The period from 1643 to 1715 marked by absolutism and centralization of power in France.

Rise of capitalism

The transition to an economic system focused on private ownership and the investment of resources for profit.

Fragmentation of Christianity

The division of Western Christianity into multiple denominations following the Reformation.

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the New World and the Old World after 1492.

New military technologies

Advancements in weapons and tactics that changed warfare dynamics during this era.

Political and economic changes

The shifts in power structures and economic practices that characterized Europe from 1450 to 1648.

Humanism

An intellectual movement of the Renaissance emphasizing human potential and achievements, often through classical texts.

Secularism

The principle of separation from religious institutions and the focus on worldly matters, prevalent during the Renaissance.

Peace of Westphalia

Treaties that ended the Thirty Years’ War in 1648, establishing principles of national sovereignty.

Renaissance art

Art that flourished in the Renaissance, characterized by realism, perspective, and classical themes.

Growth of literacy

The increase in reading and writing skills among Europeans, facilitated by the printing press.

Religious wars

Conflicts resulting from the Reformation that pitted Protestant and Catholic states against each other.

New political ideas

Emergence of concepts like absolutism and the social contract during this period.

Diplomatic practices

The methods by which states negotiated treaties and conducted international relations, evolving during this era.

Legacy of the Renaissance

The enduring impact of Renaissance ideas on modern Western culture, art, science, and philosophy.

Causes of the Reformation

Factors that led to the Protestant Reformation, including corruption in the Catholic Church and the rise of humanism.

Effects of the Age of Exploration

Significant changes in global trade, cultures, and economies due to European exploration and colonization.

Learning from the Renaissance

The emphasis on inquiry, questioning, and empirical evidence that laid foundations for modern education and science.

Causes of the Reformation

Factors that led to the Protestant Reformation, including corruption in the Catholic Church and the rise of humanism.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement beginning in 1517 with Martin Luther’s 95 Theses, leading to the fragmentation of Christianity.

Fragmentation of Christianity

The division of Western Christianity into multiple denominations following the Reformation.

Catholic Counter-Reformation

The response of the Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation, including the Council of Trent and the founding of the Jesuits.

Religious wars

Conflicts resulting from the Reformation that pitted Protestant and Catholic states against each other.

Effects of the Age of Exploration

Significant changes in global trade, cultures, and economies due to European exploration and colonization.

Columbus reaches the New World

Event in 1492 marking the start of European colonization and the Columbian Exchange.

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the New World and the Old World after 1492.

Rise of capitalism

The transition to an economic system focused on private ownership and the investment of resources for profit.

Commercial revolution

A period of European economic expansion and trade growth from the late 1400s to the 1600s.

Renaissance

A cultural revival in Europe (c. 1350–1600) focusing on classical learning, humanism, and secularism.

Humanism

An intellectual movement of the Renaissance emphasizing human potential and achievements, often through classical texts.

Invention of the printing press

Invented by Gutenberg in 1455, it allowed for the rapid spread of ideas and increased literacy.

Growth of literacy

The increase in reading and writing skills among Europeans, facilitated by the printing press.

New political ideas

Emergence of concepts like absolutism and the social contract during this period.

Rise of centralized monarchies

The development of strong, centralized governments in countries like France, Spain, and England during this period.

Political and economic changes

The shifts in power structures and economic practices that characterized Europe from 1450 to 1648.

Legacy of the Renaissance

The enduring impact of Renaissance ideas on modern Western culture, art, science, and philosophy.

Scientific Revolution

A period of major advancements in science during the late 1500s and 1600s, characterized by a shift to observation and experimentation.

Learning from the Renaissance

The emphasis on inquiry, questioning, and empirical evidence that laid foundations for modern education and science.

Age of Exploration

Period in late 1400s to 1600s characterized by maritime exploration and the establishment of global trade networks.

Political and economic changes

The shifts in power structures and economic practices that characterized Europe from 1450 to 1648.

Defeat of Spanish Armada

A pivotal event in 1588 marking the rise of England as a major naval power.

Peace of Augsburg

A 1555 treaty that allowed the legal recognition of Lutheranism in the Holy Roman Empire.

Thirty Years’ War

A religious and political conflict in Europe from 1618 to 1648, ending with the Peace of Westphalia.

Peace of Westphalia

Treaties that ended the Thirty Years’ War in 1648, establishing principles of national sovereignty.