Quizlwt Educ 245- made from study guide

Aggression

Deliberate actions meant to physically harm or injure another person, common in young children as they develop social skills.

Relational Aggression

Nonphysical actions such as gossiping or exclusion intended to damage someone's social relationships or psychological well-being.

Attachment Theory

A theory proposed by John Bowlby that highlights the enduring impact of early bonds with caregivers on emotional development and social relationships.

Security Attachment Pattern

One of the attachment patterns indicating comfort with intimacy and dependence.

Avoidant Attachment Pattern

An attachment pattern marked by a reluctance to trust and closeness in relationships.

Ambivalent Attachment Pattern

An attachment style characterized by anxiety and uncertainty in relationships.

Disorganized Attachment Pattern

An attachment style often resulting from trauma, displaying contradictory behavior in relationships.

Attribution Theory

A theory developed by Fritz Heider explaining how people attribute causes to behaviors or events, distinguishing between internal and external attributions.

Socialized Delinquency

Behavior of adolescents who generally adhere to societal norms but occasionally engage in deviant acts due to peer influence.

Unsocialized Delinquency

Behavior in adolescents raised with harsh or indifferent parenting, often leading to rule-breaking without regard for societal norms.

Differential Emotions Theory

The theory positing that emotional expressions reflect experiences and help regulate emotions, with core emotions leading to complex feelings.

Display Rules

Culturally specific norms that dictate how, when, and to what extent emotions should be expressed.

Emotional Intelligence (EI)

The ability to recognize, understand, and manage one’s emotions while interpreting and responding effectively to others' emotions.

Identity Formation

The process of determining a distinct sense of self, influenced by social relationships and personal experiences during adolescence, as explored by Erik Erikson.

Imaginary Audience

The phenomenon where adolescents believe others are constantly observing and judging them, contributing to heightened self-consciousness.

Individualistic Orientation

A societal focus found in Western cultures that emphasizes personal independence and uniqueness.

Collectivistic Orientation

A societal focus found in Eastern cultures that promotes interdependence and community harmony.

Authoritarian Parenting Style

A strict and controlling approach often leading to low self-esteem in children.

Permissive Parenting Style

A lenient approach resulting in children with less self-discipline.

Authoritative Parenting Style

A balanced approach that encourages independence with firm guidance, often producing secure and socially competent children.

Uninvolved Parenting Style

Neglectful parenting that can lead to emotional and social issues in children.

Personal Fables

The belief held by adolescents that their experiences are unique, often making them feel invincible.

Big Five Personality Traits

Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness; key traits that define personality.

Parallel Play

Playing alongside others without interaction.

Onlooker Play

Watching others play without participating.

Associative Play

Sharing or borrowing toys without coordinated activities.

Cooperative Play

Engaging in shared activities and games.

Post-Formal Thought

A stage of cognitive development characterized by flexible, realistic, and dialectical thinking.

Characteristics of Puberty

Includes primary and secondary sexual characteristics; impacts self-esteem and social dynamics.

Resiliency/Grit

The ability to recover from adversity and sustain long-term efforts through emotional self-regulation and problem-solving.

Self-Handicapping

A strategy where individuals create obstacles to their success to provide excuses for potential failures.

Social Exchange Theory

A perspective where interpersonal relationships are evaluated based on perceived rewards and costs.

Vicarious Punishment

Learning to avoid behaviors by observing others being punished, emphasizing the impact of observation on behavior.

Marcia's Identity Framework

Expands Erikson's identity concept into four statuses: Identity Achievement, Moratorium, Foreclosure, and Diffusion.

Temperament vs. Personality

Temperament refers to innate traits influencing behavior; personality emerges from these traits shaped by experiences.

Vicarious Reinforcer

Observing someone rewarded for behavior, increasing the likelihood of imitation.

Helm’s Racial Identity Theory

Focuses on White racial identity development and the stages of understanding and dismantling internalized racism.

Gender Schema Theory

Sandra Bem's theory illustrating how societal norms shape understanding of gender roles.

Theory of Multiple Intelligences

Howard Gardner’s proposal that intelligence is comprised of varied domains rather than a single factor.

Growth Mindset Theory

Carol Dweck’s theory suggesting individuals who believe abilities can be developed are more motivated to learn.

Bowlby's Attachment Theory

Incorporates ethological concepts to explain attachment behaviors crucial for infant survival.

Cycle of Low Self-Esteem

A negative feedback loop where inadequate self-view perpetuates feelings of inadequacy and anxiety.

Kohlberg's Moral Development Levels

Postconventional level reflects actions based on universal ethical principles and justice.

Post-Formal Thought Definition

Indicates cognitive development characterized by recognizing multiple problem solutions and applying logic in real-world contexts.

Changing Characteristics of Dating

Shift from arranged marriages to romantic love's influence in courtship over time.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A pyramid structure organizing human needs, where higher-level growth depends on the satisfaction of lower-level needs.

Cultural Specificity in Parenting

Galinsky’s parenting stages may vary culturally, especially concerning authority and independence expectations.

Atchley’s Retirement Phases

Include prereirement, honeymoon, disenchantment, reorientation, stability, and termination stages.

Stages of Grief

Kübler-Ross’s stages as individuals process terminal illness include denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.

Chomsky’s Universal Grammar Theory

Supports the nature side of the debate claiming innate language capacity shaped by environmental exposure.

Self-Handicapping Definition

Creating obstacles or excuses to protect self-esteem while undermining performance.

Risk-Taking and Risk Aversion

Relate to adolescent development and personality traits influencing decision-making.

Theory of Mind Components

Understand others' thoughts, beliefs, and emotions distinct from one’s own, foundational for empathy and social interaction.